ANSI.SYS
Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and
reassign keys. The ANSI.SYS device driver supports ANSI terminal emulation
of escape sequences to control your system's screen and keyboard. An ANSI
escape sequence is a sequence of ASCII characters, the first two of which
are the escape character (1Bh) and the left-bracket character (5Bh). The
character or characters following the escape and left-bracket characters
specify an alphanumeric code that controls a keyboard or display function.
ANSI escape sequences distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters;
for example,"A" and "a" have completely different meanings.
This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH> command in
your CONFIG.SYS file.
Note: In this topic bold letters in syntax and ANSI escape sequences
indicate text you must type exactly as it appears.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]ANSI.SYS [/X] [/K] [/R]
Parameter
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the ANSI.SYS file.
Switches
/X
Remaps extended keys independently on 101-key keyboards.
/K
Causes ANSI.SYS to treat a 101-key keyboard like an 84-key
keyboard. This is equivalent to the command SWITCHES=/K.
If you usually use the SWITCHES=/K command, you will need
to use the /K switch with ANSI.SYS.
/R
Adjusts line scrolling to improve readability when ANSI.SYS
is used with screen-reading programs (which make computers
more accessible to people with disabilities).
Parameters used in ANSI escape sequences
Pn
Numeric parameter. Specifies a decimal number.
Ps
Selective parameter. Specifies a decimal number that you use to select
a function. You can specify more than one function by separating the
parameters with semicolons.
PL
Line parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the
lines on your display or on another device.
Pc
Column parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the
columns on your screen or on another device.
ANSI escape sequences for cursor movement, graphics, and keyboard settings
In the following list of ANSI escape sequences, the abbreviation ESC
represents the ASCII escape character 27 (1Bh), which appears at the
beginning of each escape sequence.
ESC[PL;PcH
Cursor Position: Moves the cursor to the specified position
(coordinates). If you do not specify a position, the cursor moves to the
home position컴the upper-left corner of the screen (line 0, column
0). This escape sequence works the same way as the following Cursor
Position escape sequence.
ESC[PL;Pcf
Cursor Position: Works the same way as the preceding Cursor Position
escape sequence.
ESC[PnA
Cursor Up: Moves the cursor up by the specified number of lines without
changing columns. If the cursor is already on the top line, ANSI.SYS
ignores this sequence.
ESC[PnB
Cursor Down: Moves the cursor down by the specified number of lines
without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the bottom line,
ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.
ESC[PnC
Cursor Forward: Moves the cursor forward by the specified number of
columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the
rightmost column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.
ESC[PnD
Cursor Backward: Moves the cursor back by the specified number of
columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the leftmost
column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence.
ESC[s
Save Cursor Position: Saves the current cursor position. You can move
the cursor to the saved cursor position by using the Restore Cursor
Position sequence.
ESC[u
Restore Cursor Position: Returns the cursor to the position stored
by the Save Cursor Position sequence.
ESC[2J
Erase Display: Clears the screen and moves the cursor to the home
position (line 0, column 0).
ESC[K
Erase Line: Clears all characters from the cursor position to the
end of the line (including the character at the cursor position).
ESC[Ps;...;Psm
Set Graphics Mode: Calls the graphics functions specified by the
following values. These specified functions remain active until the next
occurrence of this escape sequence. Graphics mode changes the colors and
attributes of text (such as bold and underline) displayed on the
screen.
Text attributes
0 All attributes off
1 Bold on
4 Underscore (on monochrome display adapter only)
5 Blink on
7 Reverse video on
8 Concealed on
Foreground colors
30 Black
31 Red
32 Green
33 Yellow
34 Blue
35 Magenta
36 Cyan
37 White
Background colors
40 Black
41 Red
42 Green
43 Yellow
44 Blue
45 Magenta
46 Cyan
47 White
Parameters 30 through 47 meet the ISO 6429 standard.
ESC[=psh
Set Mode: Changes the screen width or type to the mode specified
by one of the following values:
0 40 x 148 x 25 monochrome (text)
1 40 x 148 x 25 color (text)
2 80 x 148 x 25 monochrome (text)
3 80 x 148 x 25 color (text)
4 320 x 148 x 200 4-color (graphics)
5 320 x 148 x 200 monochrome (graphics)
6 640 x 148 x 200 monochrome (graphics)
7 Enables line wrapping
13 320 x 148 x 200 color (graphics)
14 640 x 148 x 200 color (16-color graphics)
15 640 x 148 x 350 monochrome (2-color graphics)
16 640 x 148 x 350 color (16-color graphics)
17 640 x 148 x 480 monochrome (2-color graphics)
18 640 x 148 x 480 color (16-color graphics)
19 320 x 148 x 200 color (256-color graphics)
ESC[=Psl
Reset Mode: Resets the mode by using the same values that Set Mode
uses, except for 7, which disables line wrapping. The last character
in this escape sequence is a lowercase L.
ESC[code;string;...p
Set Keyboard Strings: Redefines a keyboard key to a specified string.
The parameters for this escape sequence are defined as follows:
Code is one or more of the values listed in the following table.
These values represent keyboard keys and key combinations. When using
these values in a command, you must type the semicolons shown in this
table in addition to the semicolons required by the escape sequence.
The codes in parentheses are not available on some keyboards.
ANSI.SYS will not interpret the codes in parentheses for those
keyboards unless you specify the /X switch in the DEVICE command for
ANSI.SYS.
String is either the ASCII code for a single character or a string
contained in quotation marks. For example, both 65 and "A" can be
used to represent an uppercase A.
IMPORTANT: Some of the values in the following table are not valid for all
computers. Check your computer's documentation for values that
are different.
Key Code SHIFT+code CTRL+code ALT+code
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F1 0;59 0;84 0;94 0;104
F2 0;60 0;85 0;95 0;105
F3 0;61 0;86 0;96 0;106
F4 0;62 0;87 0;97 0;107
F5 0;63 0;88 0;98 0;108
F6 0;64 0;89 0;99 0;109
F7 0;65 0;90 0;100 0;110
F8 0;66 0;91 0;101 0;111
F9 0;67 0;92 0;102 0;112
F10 0;68 0;93 0;103 0;113
F11 0;133 0;135 0;137 0;139
F12 0;134 0;136 0;138 0;140
HOME (num keypad) 0;71 55 0;119 컴
UP ARROW (num keypad) 0;72 56 (0;141) 컴
PAGE UP (num keypad) 0;73 57 0;132 컴
LEFT ARROW (num keypad) 0;75 52 0;115 컴
RIGHT ARROW (num 0;77 54 0;116 컴
keypad)
END (num keypad) 0;79 49 0;117 컴
DOWN ARROW (num keypad) 0;80 50 (0;145) 컴
PAGE DOWN (num keypad) 0;81 51 0;118 컴
INSERT (num keypad) 0;82 48 (0;146) 컴
DELETE (num keypad) 0;83 46 (0;147) 컴
HOME (224;71) (224;71) (224;119) (224;151)
UP ARROW (224;72) (224;72) (224;141) (224;152)
PAGE UP (224;73) (224;73) (224;132) (224;153)
LEFT ARROW (224;75) (224;75) (224;115) (224;155)
RIGHT ARROW (224;77) (224;77) (224;116) (224;157)
END (224;79) (224;79) (224;117) (224;159)
DOWN ARROW (224;80) (224;80) (224;145) (224;154)
PAGE DOWN (224;81) (224;81) (224;118) (224;161)
INSERT (224;82) (224;82) (224;146) (224;162)
DELETE (224;83) (224;83) (224;147) (224;163)
PRINT SCREEN 컴 컴 0;114 컴
PAUSE/BREAK 컴 컴 0;0 컴
BACKSPACE 8 8 127 (0)
ENTER 13 컴 10 (0
TAB 9 0;15 (0;148) (0;165)
NULL 0;3 컴 컴 컴
A 97 65 1 0;30
B 98 66 2 0;48
C 99 66 3 0;46
D 100 68 4 0;32
E 101 69 5 0;18
F 102 70 6 0;33
G 103 71 7 0;34
H 104 72 8 0;35
I 105 73 9 0;23
J 106 74 10 0;36
K 107 75 11 0;37
L 108 76 12 0;38
M 109 77 13 0;50
N 110 78 14 0;49
O 111 79 15 0;24
P 112 80 16 0;25
Q 113 81 17 0;16
R 114 82 18 0;19
S 115 83 19 0;31
T 116 84 20 0;20
U 117 85 21 0;22
V 118 86 22 0;47
W 119 87 23 0;17
X 120 88 24 0;45
Y 121 89 25 0;21
Z 122 90 26 0;44
1 49 33 컴 0;120
2 50 64 0 0;121
3 51 35 컴 0;122
4 52 36 컴 0;123
5 53 37 컴 0;124
6 54 94 30 0;125
7 55 38 컴 0;126
8 56 42 컴 0;126
9 57 40 컴 0;127
0 48 41 컴 0;129
- 45 95 31 0;130
= 61 43 컴- 0;131
[ 91 123 27 0;26
] 93 125 29 0;27
92 124 28 0;43
; 59 58 컴 0;39
' 39 34 컴 0;40
, 44 60 컴 0;51
. 46 62 컴 0;52
/ 47 63 컴 0;53
` 96 126 컴 (0;41)
ENTER (keypad) 13 컴 10 (0;166)
/ (keypad) 47 47 (0;142) (0;74)
* (keypad) 42 (0;144) (0;78) 컴
- (keypad) 45 45 (0;149) (0;164)
+ (keypad) 43 43 (0;150) (0;55)
5 (keypad) (0;76) 53 (0;143) 컴
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APPEND
Enables programs to open data files in specified directories as if the files
were in the current directory. Do not use this command when you are running
Windows.
The specified directories are called appended directories because, for the
sake of opening data files, they can be found as if they were appended to
the current directory.
Syntax
APPEND [[drive:]path[;...]] [/X[:ON|:OFF]][/PATH:ON|/PATH:OFF] [/E]
To display the list of appended directories, use the following syntax:
APPEND
To cancel the existing list of appended directories, use the following
syntax:
APPEND ;
Parameters
[drive:]path
Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory that
you want to append to the current directory. You can specify multiple
entries of [drive:]path, separating the entries with semicolons.
;
When used by itself (APPEND ;), cancels the existing list of appended
directories.
Switches
/X[:ON|:OFF]
Specifies whether MS-DOS is to search (/X:ON) or not search (/X:OFF)
appended directories when executing programs. You can abbreviate /X:ON
to /X. If you want to specify X:ON, you must do it the first time you
use APPEND after starting your system. After that, you can switch
between X:ON and X:OFF. The default value is /X:OFF.
/PATH:ON|/PATH:OFF
Specifies whether a program is to search appended directories for a data
file when a path is already included with the name of the file the
program is looking for. The default setting is /PATH:ON.
/E
Assigns the list of appended directories to an environment variable
named APPEND. This switch can be used only the first time you use APPEND
after starting your system. If you use /E, you can use the SET command
to display the list of appended directories. For information about
environment variables, see the <SET> command.
Caution
Do not use Append with Microsoft Windows or the Windows Setup program.
Related Command
To set a search path for executable files, see the <PATH> command.
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ATTRIB
Displays or changes file attributes.
This command displays, sets, or removes the Read-Only, Archive, System, and
Hidden attributes assigned to files or directories.
Syntax
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H][[drive:][path]filename] [/S]
To display all attributes of all files in the current directory, use the
following syntax:
ATTRIB
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file(s) you want to process.
Switches
+R
Sets the Read-Only file attribute.
-R
Clears the Read-Only file attribute.
+A
Sets the Archive file attribute.
-A
Clears the Archive file attribute.
+S
Sets the file as a System file.
-S
Clears the System file attribute.
+H
Sets the file as a Hidden file.
-H
Clears the Hidden file attribute.
/S
Processes files in the current directory and all of its subdirectories.
Related Command
For more information about copying files and directories with different
attributes, see the <XCOPY> command.
Batch Commands
A batch file or batch program is an unformatted text file that contains one
or more MS-DOS commands and is assigned a .BAT extension. When you type the
name of the batch program at the command prompt, the commands are carried
out as a group.
Any MS-DOS command you use at the command prompt can also be put in a batch
program. In addition, the following MS-DOS commands are specially designed
for batch programs:
<Call> <If>
<Choice> <Pause>
<Echo> <Rem>
<For> <Shift>
<Goto>
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CALL
Calls one batch program from another without causing the first batch program
to stop.
Syntax
CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the batch program you want to call.
Filename must have a .BAT extension.
batch-parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the batch program.
Note Examples
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CHOICE
Prompts the user to make a choice in a batch program. Displays a specified
prompt and pauses for the user to choose from among a specified set of keys.
You can use this command only in batch programs.
For more information on the ERRORLEVEL parameter, see <CHOICE컴Note> and the
<IF> command.
Syntax
CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N] [/S] [/T[:]c,nn] [text]
Parameters
text
Specifies text you want to be displayed before the prompt. Quotation
marks are necessary only if you include a switch character (/) as part
of the text before the prompt. If you don't specify text, CHOICE
displays only a prompt.
Switches
/C[:]keys
Specifies allowable keys in the prompt. When displayed, the keys will be
separated by commas, will appear in brackets ([]), and will be followed
by a question mark. If you don't specify the /C switch, CHOICE uses YN
as the default. The colon (:) is optional.
/N
Causes CHOICE not to display the prompt. The text before the prompt is
still displayed, however. If you specify the /N switch, the specified
keys are still valid.
/S
Causes CHOICE to be case sensitive. If the /S switch is not specified,
CHOICE will accept either upper or lower case for any of the keys that
the user specifies.
/T[:]c,nn
Causes CHOICE to pause for a specified number of seconds before
defaulting to a specified key. The values for the /T switch are as
follows:
c
Specifies the character to default to after nn seconds. The
character must be in the set of choices specified in the /C switch.
nn
Specifies the number of seconds to pause. Acceptable values are from
0 to 99. If 0 is specified, there will be no pause before
defaulting.
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ECHO
Displays or hides the text in batch programs when the program is running.
Also indicates whether the command-echoing feature is on or off.
When you run a batch program, MS-DOS typically displays (echoes) the batch
program's commands on the screen. You can turn this feature on or off by
using the ECHO command.
Syntax
ECHO [ON|OFF]
To use the echo command to display a message, use the following syntax:
echo [message]
Parameters
ON|OFF
Specifies whether to turn the command-echoing feature on or off. To
display the current ECHO setting, use the ECHO command without a
parameter.
message
Specifies text you want MS-DOS to display on the screen.
Related Command
For information about suspending the execution of a batch program, see the
<PAUSE> command.
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FOR
Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files. You can use this
command in batch programs or at the command prompt.
Syntax
To use FOR in a batch program, use the following syntax:
FOR %%variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]
To use FOR from the command prompt, use the following syntax:
FOR %variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]
Parameters
%%variable or %variable
Represents a replaceable variable. The FOR command replaces %%variable
(or %variable) with each text string in the specified set until the
command (specified in the command parameter) processes all the files.
Use %%variable to carry out the FOR command within a batch program. Use
%variable to carry out FOR from the command prompt.
(set)
Specifies one or more files or text strings that you want to process
with the specified command. The parentheses are required.
command
Specifies the command that you want to carry out on each file included
in the specified set.
command-parameters
Specifies any parameters or switches that you want to use with the
specified command (if the specified command uses any parameters or
switches).
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GOTO
Directs MS-DOS to a line in a batch program that is marked by a label you
specify. You can use this command only in batch programs.
The GOTO command directs MS-DOS within a batch program to a line identified
by a label. When MS-DOS finds the label, it processes the commands beginning
on the next line.
Syntax
GOTO label
Parameters
label
Specifies the line in a batch program to which MS-DOS should go.
Examples
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IF
Performs conditional processing in batch programs. If the condition
specified by an IF command is true, MS-DOS carries out the command that
follows the condition. If the condition is false, MS-DOS ignores the
command. You can use this command only in batch programs.
Syntax
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command
IF [NOT] string1==string2 command
IF [NOT] EXIST filename command
Parameters
NOT
Specifies that MS-DOS should carry out the command only if the condition
is false.
ERRORLEVEL number
Specifies a true condition only if the previous program run by
COMMAND.COM returned an exit code equal to or greater than number.
command
Specifies the command that MS-DOS should carry out if the preceding
condition is met.
string1==string2
Specifies a true condition only if string1 and string2 are the same.
These values can be literal strings or batch variables (%1, for
example). Literal strings do not need quotation marks.
EXIST filename
Specifies a true condition if filename exists.
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PAUSE
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays a message that prompts
the user to press any key to continue. You can use this command only within
batch programs.
Syntax
PAUSE
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REM
Enables you to include comments in a batch file or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The REM command is also useful for disabling commands. (You can use a
semicolon (;) instead of the REM command in your CONFIG.SYS file, but not in
batch files.)
Syntax
REM [string]
Parameters
string
Specifies any string of characters 컴 the command you want to disable or
the comment you want to include.
Related Command
For information about displaying messages, see the <ECHO> command.
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SHIFT
Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
Syntax
SHIFT
Note Examples
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BREAK
Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. You can use this command at the
command prompt or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
You can press CTRL+C to stop a program or an activity (file sorting, for
example). Typically, MS-DOS checks for CTRL+C only while it reads from the
keyboard or writes to the screen or a printer. If you set BREAK to ON, you
extend CTRL+C checking to other functions, such as disk read and write
operations.
Syntax
BREAK [ON|OFF]
To display the current BREAK setting, use the following syntax:
BREAK
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
BREAK=ON|OFF
Parameter
ON|OFF
Turns extended CTRL+C checking on or off.
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BUFFERS
Allocates memory for a specified number of disk buffers when your system
starts. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
BUFFERS=n[,m]
Parameters
n
Specifies the number of disk buffers. The value of n must be in the
range 1 through 99.
m
Specifies the number of buffers in the secondary buffer cache. The value
of m must be in the range 0 through 8.
Default settings
The default setting for the number of disk buffers depends on the
configuration of your system, as shown in the following table:
Configuration Buffers Bytes
(n)
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<128K of RAM, 360K disk 2 컴
<128K of RAM, > 360K 3 컴
disk
128K to 255K of RAM 5 2672
256K to 511K of RAM 10 5328
512K to 640K of RAM 15 7984
The default setting for the number of buffers in the secondary cache (m) is
0 (no secondary cache buffers).
If you specify an invalid value for n or m, BUFFERS uses the default setting
of no secondary cache buffers.
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CALL
Calls one batch program from another without causing the first batch program
to stop.
Syntax
CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the batch program you want to call.
Filename must have a .BAT extension.
batch-parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the batch program.
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CHDIR (CD)
Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current
directory.
Syntax
CHDIR [drive:][path]
CHDIR[..]
CD [drive:][path]
CD[..]
To display the current drive letter and directory name, use either of the
following syntax lines:
CHDIR
CD
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory to
which you want to change.
..
Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory.
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CHCP
Displays the number of the active character set (code page). You can also
use the CHCP command to change the active character set for all devices that
support character set switching.
You must install the <NLSFUNC> program before you can use the CHCP command.
For an introduction to using character sets and the CHCP command, see the
chapter "Customizing For International Use" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Tables of the character sets included with MS-DOS are shown in the appendix
"Keyboard Layouts and Character Sets" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
CHCP [nnn]
To display the number of the active character set, use the following
syntax:
CHCP
Parameter
nnn
Specifies the prepared system character set defined by the COUNTRY
command in the CONFIG.SYS file. MS-DOS provides character sets for the
following countries and languages:
437 United States
850 Multilingual (Latin I)
852 Slavic (Latin II)
860 Portuguese
863 Canadian-French
865 Nordic
Related Commands
For more information about character sets, see the <COUNTRY>, <NLSFUNC>, and
<MODE (set device code pages)> commands.
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CHDIR (CD)
Displays the name of the current directory or changes the current
directory.
Syntax
CHDIR [drive:][path]
CHDIR[..]
CD [drive:][path]
CD[..]
To display the current drive letter and directory name, use either of the
following syntax lines:
CHDIR
CD
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the drive (if other than the current drive) and directory to
which you want to change.
..
Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory.
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CHKDSK
Checks the status of a disk and displays a status report. Can also fix disk
errors.
The status report shows logical errors found in the MS-DOS filing system,
which consists of the file allocation table and directories. (CHKDSK does
not verify that the information in your files can be accurately read.) If
errors exist on the disk, CHKDSK alerts you with a message. You should use
CHKDSK occasionally on each disk to check for errors.
Syntax
CHKDSK [drive:][[path]filename] [/F] [/V]
To display the status of the disk in the current drive, use the following
syntax:
CHKDSK
Parameters
drive:
Specifies the drive that contains the disk that you want CHKDSK to
check.
[path]filename
Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files that you want
CHKDSK to check for fragmentation. You can use wildcards (* and ?) to
specify multiple files.
Switches
/F
Fixes errors on the disk. Do not use this option when running CHKDSK
from other programs such as Microsoft Windows or the MS-DOS Task
Swapper. For more information, see "Using CHKDSK With Open Files" in
<CHKDSK컴Notes>.
/V
Displays the name of each file in every directory as the disk is
checked.
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CHKSTATE.SYS
Used by the MemMaker memory-optimization program to track the optimization
process.
During optimization, MemMaker adds the CHKSTATE.SYS command line to the
beginning of your CONFIG.SYS file. When the optimization process is
complete, MemMaker removes the CHKSTATE.SYS command line.
CHKSTATE.SYS is used exclusively by MemMaker.
z Note Examples
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CHOICE
Prompts the user to make a choice in a batch program. Displays a specified
prompt and pauses for the user to choose from among a specified set of keys.
You can use this command only in batch programs.
For more information on the ERRORLEVEL parameter, see <CHOICE컴Note> and the
<IF> command.
Syntax
CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N] [/S] [/T[:]c,nn] [text]
Parameters
text
Specifies text you want to be displayed before the prompt. Quotation
marks are necessary only if you include a switch character (/) as part
of the text before the prompt. If you don't specify text, CHOICE
displays only a prompt.
Switches
/C[:]keys
Specifies allowable keys in the prompt. When displayed, the keys will be
separated by commas, will appear in brackets ([]), and will be followed
by a question mark. If you don't specify the /C switch, CHOICE uses YN
as the default. The colon (:) is optional.
/N
Causes CHOICE not to display the prompt. The text before the prompt is
still displayed, however. If you specify the /N switch, the specified
keys are still valid.
/S
Causes CHOICE to be case sensitive. If the /S switch is not specified,
CHOICE will accept either upper or lower case for any of the keys that
the user specifies.
/T[:]c,nn
Causes CHOICE to pause for a specified number of seconds before
defaulting to a specified key. The values for the /T switch are as
follows:
c
Specifies the character to default to after nn seconds. The
character must be in the set of choices specified in the /C switch.
nn
Specifies the number of seconds to pause. Acceptable values are from
0 to 99. If 0 is specified, there will be no pause before
defaulting.
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CLS
Clears the screen.
The cleared screen shows only the command prompt and cursor.
Syntax
CLS
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COMMAND
Starts a new instance of the MS-DOS command interpreter.
A command interpreter is a program that displays the command prompt at which
you type commands. Use the EXIT command to stop the new command interpreter
and return control to the old one.
Syntax
COMMAND [[drive:]path] [device] [/C string] [/E:nnnnn] [/K filename]
[/P [/MSG]]
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
SHELL=[[dos-drive:]dos-path]COMMAND.COM [[drive:]path][device]
[/E:nnnn] [/P [/MSG]]
Parameters
[drive:]path
Specifies where the command interpreter is to look for the COMMAND.COM
file when the transient part of the program needs to be reloaded. This
parameter must be included when loading COMMAND.COM for the first time
if the COMMAND.COM file is not located in the root directory. This
parameter is used to set the COMSPEC environment variable.
device
Specifies a different device for command input and output. For more
information about this parameter, see the <CTTY> command.
[dos-drive:]dos-path
Specifies the location of the COMMAND.COM file.
Switches
/C string
Specifies that the command interpreter is to perform the command
specified by string and then exit.
/E:nnnnn
Specifies the environment size, where nnnnn is the size in bytes. The
value of nnnnn must be in the range 160 through 32768. MS-DOS rounds
this number up to a multiple of 16 bytes. The default value is 256.
/K filename
Runs the specified program or batch file and then displays the MS-DOS
command prompt. This switch is particularly useful for specifying a
startup file other than C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT for the MS-DOS Prompt in
Windows. (To do this, open the DOSPRMPT.PIF file using the PIF Editor,
and type the /K switch in the Optional Parameters box.) It is not
recommended to use the /K switch on the SHELL command line in your
CONFIG.SYS file; doing so can cause problems with applications and
installation programs that make changes to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
/P
Should be used only when COMMAND is used with the SHELL command in the
CONFIG.SYS file. The /P switch makes the new copy of the command
interpreter permanent. In this case, the EXIT command cannot be used to
stop the command interpreter. If you specify /P, MS-DOS runs your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file before displaying the command prompt. If there is no
AUTOEXEC.BAT file in the root directory of the startup drive, MS-DOS
carries out the DATE and TIME commands instead. If you do not have a
SHELL command in your CONFIG.SYS file, COMMAND.COM is automatically
loaded from the root directory with the /P switch.
/MSG
Specifies that all error messages should be stored in memory. Usually,
some messages are stored only on disk. This switch is useful only if you
are running MS-DOS from floppy disks. You must specify the /P switch
when you use the /MSG switch. For more information about using the /MSG
switch, see <COMMAND컴Notes>.
Related Command
The <SHELL> command is the preferred method of using COMMAND to permanently
increase space for the environment table.
CONFIG.SYS Commands
The CONFIG.SYS file is a text file that contains special commands. These
commands configure your computer's hardware components so that MS-DOS and
applications can use them. When MS-DOS starts, it carries out the commands
in the CONFIG.SYS file. Typically, the CONFIG.SYS file is located in the
root directory of drive C.
The following CONFIG.SYS commands can be used only in the CONFIG.SYS file:
<Buffers> <Files>
<Country> <Install>
<Device> <Lastdrive>
<Devicehigh> <Numlock>
<Dos> <Shell>
<Drivparm> <Stacks>
<Fcbs> <Switches>
The following commands are commonly used in the CONFIG.SYS file and can also
be typed at the command prompt:
<Break>
<Rem>
<Set>
The following special CONFIG.SYS commands are used only to define multiple
configurations within the CONFIG.SYS file:
<Include>
<Menucolor>
<Menudefault>
<Menuitem>
<Submenu>
For more information about defining multiple configurations, see
<Multi-Config Commands>.
The CONFIG.SYS file can also contain the following special characters:
; Specifies that the current line is a descriptive comment
and should not be carried out. Insert this character at the
beginning of the line. (You can also insert a comment by using
the REM command.)
? Specifies that MS-DOS is to ask for confirmation before
carrying out the current command. Insert this character just
before the equal sign (=). For example, to have MS-DOS ask
for confirmation before carrying out the DOS=HIGH command, you
would change the command to read DOS?=HIGH.
Bypassing CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT Commands
If you are having system problems that you suspect are caused by one or more
commands in your CONFIG.SYS file, you might want to bypass some or all the
commands in your CONFIG.SYS file.
To bypass all the commands in your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files, press
the F5 key immediately after starting your computer, when you see the text
"Now starting MS-DOS...".
To bypass individual CONFIG.SYS commands, press the F8 key instead. MS-DOS
will then prompt you to carry out or bypass each CONFIG.SYS command. To
carry out all remaining startup commands, press F5. To bypass all remaining
startup commands, press ESC.
To disable this feature, add the SWITCHES /N command to your CONFIG.SYS
file.
For more information about your CONFIG.SYS file, see the chapter
"Configuring Your System" in the MS-DOS User's Guide.
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BUFFERS
Allocates memory for a specified number of disk buffers when your system
starts. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
BUFFERS=n[,m]
Parameters
n
Specifies the number of disk buffers. The value of n must be in the
range 1 through 99.
m
Specifies the number of buffers in the secondary buffer cache. The value
of m must be in the range 0 through 8.
Default settings
The default setting for the number of disk buffers depends on the
configuration of your system, as shown in the following table:
Configuration Buffers Bytes
(n)
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<128K of RAM, 360K disk 2 컴
<128K of RAM, > 360K 3 컴
disk
128K to 255K of RAM 5 2672
256K to 511K of RAM 10 5328
512K to 640K of RAM 15 7984
The default setting for the number of buffers in the secondary cache (m) is
0 (no secondary cache buffers).
If you specify an invalid value for n or m, BUFFERS uses the default setting
of no secondary cache buffers.
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COUNTRY
Enables MS-DOS to use country-specific conventions for displaying times,
dates, and currency; for determining the order by which characters are
sorted; and for determing which characters can be used in filenames. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The COUNTRY command configures MS-DOS to recognize the character set and
punctuation conventions observed when using one of the supported languages.
Syntax
COUNTRY=xxx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]
Parameters
xxx
Specifies the country code.
yyy
Specifies the character set for the country.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file containing country
information.
Related Commands
For information about changing characters and their arrangement on your
keyboard, see the <KEYB> command, or see the chapter "Customizing for
International Use" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
For information about preparing and selecting character sets, see the
<MODE (set device code pages)> command.
For information about loading country-specific information, see the
<NLSFUNC> command.
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DEVICE
Loads the device driver you specify into memory. You can use this command
only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the device driver you want to load.
[dd-parameters]
Specifies any command-line information required by the device driver.
Related Command
For information about loading device drivers into the upper memory area, see
the <DEVICEHIGH> command.
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DEVICEHIGH
Loads device driver you specify into the upper memory area. Loading a device
driver into the upper memory area frees more bytes of conventional memory
for other programs. If upper memory is not available, the DEVICEHIGH command
functions just like the DEVICE command.
You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICEHIGH [drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
To specify the region(s) of memory into which to load the device driver, use
the following syntax:
DEVICEHIGH [[/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2] [/S]]=
[drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the device driver you want to load
into the upper memory area.
dd-parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the device driver.
Switches
/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2]...
Specifies one or more regions of memory into which to load the device
driver. By default, MS-DOS loads the driver into the largest free
upper-memory block (UMB) and makes all other UMBs available for the
driver's use. You can use the /L switch to load the device driver into a
specific region of memory or to specify which region(s) the driver can
use.
To load the driver into the largest block in a specific region of upper
memory, specify the region number after the /L switch. For example, to
load the driver into the largest free block in region 4, you would type
/L:4. (To list the free areas of memory, type MEM /F at the command
prompt.)
When loaded with the /L switch, a device driver can use only the
specified memory region. Some device drivers use more than one area of
memory; for those drivers, you can specify more than one region. (To
find out how a particular device driver uses memory, issue the MEM /M
command and specify the device-driver name as an argument.) To specify
two or more regions, separate the block numbers with a semicolon (;).
For example, to use blocks 2 and 3, you would type /L:2;3.
Normally, MS-DOS loads a driver into a UMB in the specified region only
if that region contains a UMB larger than the driver's load size
(usually equal to the size of the executable program file). If the
driver requires more memory while running than it does when loaded, you
can use the minsize parameter to ensure that the driver will not be
loaded into a UMB that is too small for it. If you specify a value for
minsize, MS-DOS loads the driver into that region only if it contains a
UMB that is larger than both the driver's load size and the minsize
value.
/S
Shrinks the UMB to its minimum size while the driver is loading. Using
this switch makes the most efficient use of memory. This switch is
normally used only by the MemMaker program, which can analyze a device
driver's memory use to determine whether the /S switch can safely be
used when loading that driver. This switch can be used only in
conjunction with the /L switch and affects only UMBs for which a minimum
size was specified.
Related Commands
For information about loading programs into the upper memory area, see the
<LOADHIGH> command.
For information about loading device drivers into conventional memory, see
the <DEVICE> command.
For information about using the MemMaker program to move programs to the
upper memory area, see the <MEMMAKER> command.
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DOS
Specifies that MS-DOS should maintain a link to the upper memory area, load
part of itself into the high memory area (HMA), or both. You can use this
command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DOS=HIGH|LOW[,UMB|,NOUMB]
DOS=[HIGH,|LOW,]UMB|NOUMB
Parameters
UMB|NOUMB
Specifies whether MS-DOS should manage upper memory blocks (UMBs)
created by a UMB provider such as EMM386.EXE. The UMB parameter
specifies that MS-DOS should manage UMBs, if they exist. The NOUMB
parameter specifies that MS-DOS should not manage UMBs. The default
setting is NOUMB.
HIGH|LOW
Specifies whether MS-DOS should attempt to load a part of itself into
the HMA (HIGH) or keep all of MS-DOS in conventional memory (LOW). The
default setting is LOW.
Related Commands
For information about loading a device driver into the upper memory area,
see the <DEVICEHIGH> command.
For information about loading a program into the upper memory area, see the
<LOADHIGH> command.
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DRIVPARM
Defines parameters for devices such as disk and tape drives when you start
MS-DOS. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The DRIVPARM command modifies the parameters of an existing physical drive.
It does not create a new logical drive. The settings specified in the
DRIVPARM command override the driver definitions for any previous block
device.
Syntax
DRIVPARM=/D:number [/C] [/F:factor] [/H:heads] [/I] [/N] [/S:sectors]
[/T:tracks]
Switches
/D:number
Specifies the physical drive number. Values for number must be in the
range 0 through 255 (for example, drive number 0 = drive A, 1 = drive B,
2 = drive C, and so on).
/C
Specifies that the drive can detect whether the drive door is closed.
/F:factor
Specifies the drive type. The following list shows the valid values for
factor and a brief description of each. The default value is 2.
0
160K/180K or 320K/360K
1
1.2 megabyte (MB)
2
720K (3.5-inch disk)
5
Hard disk
6
Tape
7
1.44 MB (3.5-inch disk)
8
Read/write optical disk
9
2.88 MB (3.5-inch disk)
/H:heads
Specifies the maximum number of heads. Values for heads must be in the
range 1 through 99. The default value depends upon the value you specify
for /F:factor.
/I
Specifies an electronically compatible 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.
(Electronically compatible drives are installed on your computer and use
your existing floppy-disk-drive controller.) Use the /I switch if your
computer's ROM BIOS does not support 3.5-inch floppy disk drives.
/N
Specifies a non-removable block device.
/S:sectors
Specifies the number of sectors per track that the block device
supports. Values for sectors must be in the range 1 through 99. The
default value depends upon the value you specify for /F:factor.
/T:tracks
Specifies the number of tracks per side that the block device supports.
The default value depends upon the value you specify for /F:factor.
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FCBS
Specifies the number of file control blocks (FCBs) that MS-DOS can have open
at the same time. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
A file control block is a data structure that stores information about a
file.
Syntax
FCBS=x
Parameter
x
Specifies the number of file control blocks that MS-DOS can have open at
one time. Valid values for x are in the range 1 through 255. The default
value is 4.
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FILES
Specifies the number of files that MS-DOS can access at one time. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
FILES=x
Parameter
x
Specifies the number of files that MS-DOS can access at one time. Valid
values for x are in the range 8 through 255. The default value is 8.
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INSTALL
Loads a memory-resident program into memory when you start MS-DOS. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Memory-resident programs stay in memory as long as your computer is on. They
can be used even when other programs are active. You can use the INSTALL
command to load MS-DOS memory-resident programs컴for example, Fastopen,
Keyb, Nlsfunc, and Share.
Syntax
INSTALL=[drive:][path]filename [command-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the memory-resident program you want
to run.
command-parameters
Specifies parameters for the program you specify for filename.
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LASTDRIVE
Specifies the maximum number of drives you can access. You can use this
command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The value you specify represents the last valid drive MS-DOS is to
recognize.
Syntax
LASTDRIVE=x
Parameter
x
Specifies a drive letter in the range A through Z.
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NUMLOCK
Specifies whether the NUM LOCK key is set to ON or OFF when your computer
starts. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
NUMLOCK=[ON|OFF]
Parameters
ON|OFF
If set to ON, turns on the NUM LOCK key when MS-DOS displays the startup
menu. If set to OFF, turns NUM LOCK off.
Related Commands
The NUMLOCK command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are:
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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SHELL
Specifies the name and location of the command interpreter you want MS-DOS
to use. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
If you want to use your own command interpreter (instead of COMMAND.COM),
you can specify its name by adding a SHELL command to your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
SHELL=[[drive:]path]filename [parameters]
Parameters
[[drive:]path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the command interpreter you want
MS-DOS to use.
parameters
Specifies any command-line parameters or switches that can be used with
the specified command interpreter.
Related Command
For information about COMMAND.COM switches, see the <COMMAND> command.
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STACKS
Supports the dynamic use of data stacks to handle hardware interrupts. You
can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
STACKS=n,s
Parameters
n
Specifies the number of stacks. Valid values for n are 0 and numbers in
the range 8 through 64.
s
Specifies the size (in bytes) of each stack. Valid values for s are 0
and numbers in the range 32 through 512.
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SWITCHES
Specifies special options in MS-DOS. Use this command only in your
CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
SWITCHES=/W /K /N /F
Switches
/W
Specifies that the WINA20.386 file has been moved to a directory other
than the root directory. You need to use this switch only if you are
using Microsoft Windows 3.0 in enhanced mode and have moved the
WINA20.386 file from the root directory to another directory.
/K
Forces an enhanced keyboard to behave like a conventional keyboard.
/N
Prevents you from using the F5 or F8 key to bypass startup commands.
/F
Skips the 2-second delay after displaying the "Starting MS-DOS ..."
message during startup.
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BREAK
Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. You can use this command at the
command prompt or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
You can press CTRL+C to stop a program or an activity (file sorting, for
example). Typically, MS-DOS checks for CTRL+C only while it reads from the
keyboard or writes to the screen or a printer. If you set BREAK to ON, you
extend CTRL+C checking to other functions, such as disk read and write
operations.
Syntax
BREAK [ON|OFF]
To display the current BREAK setting, use the following syntax:
BREAK
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
BREAK=ON|OFF
Parameter
ON|OFF
Turns extended CTRL+C checking on or off.
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REM
Enables you to include comments in a batch file or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The REM command is also useful for disabling commands. (You can use a
semicolon (;) instead of the REM command in your CONFIG.SYS file, but not in
batch files.)
Syntax
REM [string]
Parameters
string
Specifies any string of characters 컴 the command you want to disable or
the comment you want to include.
Related Command
For information about displaying messages, see the <ECHO> command.
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SET
Displays, sets, or removes MS-DOS environment variables.
You use environment variables to control the behavior of some batch files
and programs and to control the way MS-DOS appears and works. The SET
command is often used in the AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS files to set
environment variables each time you start MS-DOS.
Syntax
SET [variable=[string]]
To display the current environment settings, use the following syntax:
SET
Parameters
variable
Specifies the variable you want to set or modify.
string
Specifies the string you want to associate with the specified variable.
Related Commands
For information about setting environment variables that MS-DOS uses to
control its own operations, see the <PATH>, <PROMPT>, <SHELL>, and <DIR>
commands.
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INCLUDE
Includes the contents of one configuration block within another. You can use
this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The INCLUDE command is one of five special CONFIG.SYS commands used for
defining multiple configurations within a single CONFIG.SYS file. With
multiple configurations, you define a menu that appears when your computer
starts. Each menu item corresponds to a block of commands, or "configuration
block," in your CONFIG.SYS file. For more information about multiple
configurations and configuration blocks, see the chapter "Configuring Your
System" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
INCLUDE=blockname
Parameter
blockname
Specifies the name of the configuration block to include.
Related Commands
The INCLUDE command is one of five special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
multiple configurations. The other commands are for defining the startup
menu, and are as follows:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
In addition, the <NUMLOCK> command is especially useful when defining
startup menus.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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MENUCOLOR
Sets the text and background colors for the startup menu. You can use this
command only within a menu block in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUCOLOR=x[,y]
Parameters
x
Specifies the color of the menu text. You can specify a value from 0 to
15; For a list of values and colors, see "Color Values" later in this
topic.
y
Specifies the color of the screen background. You can specify a value
from 0 to 15; For a list of values and colors, see "Color Values" later
in this topic. The y value is optional; if you do not specify a value,
MS-DOS displays the specified text color on a black background.
Be sure to specify different values for x and y, or the text will not be
readable.
Color Values
Valid color values are from 0 to 15, as follows:
0 Black 8 Gray
1 Blue 9 Bright blue
2 Green 10 Bright green
3 Cyan 11 Bright cyan
4 Red 12 Bright red
5 Magenta 13 Bright magenta
6 Brown 14 Yellow
7 White 15 Bright white
Note: On some displays, colors 8 through 15 blink.
Related Commands
The MENUCOLOR command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are as
follows:
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
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MENUDEFAULT
Specifies the default menu item on the startup menu and sets a timeout value
if desired. You can use this command only within a menu block in your
CONFIG.SYS file. If you do not use this command, MS-DOS sets the default to
item 1.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUDEFAULT=blockname[,timeout]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the default menu item by its associated configuration block.
The block must be defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file. When MS-DOS
displays the startup menu, the default menu item is highlighted and its
number appears after the "Enter a choice" prompt.
timeout
Determines how many seconds MS-DOS waits before starting the computer
with the default configuration. If you don't specify a timeout value,
MS-DOS does not continue until the ENTER key is pressed. You can specify
a timeout value from 0 to 90 seconds. A timeout of 0 forces automatic
selection of the default, effectively bypassing the menu display.
Related Commands
The MENUDEFAULT command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for
defining startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are
as follows:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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MENUITEM
Defines an item on the startup menu. You can use this command only within a
menu block in your CONFIG.SYS file. You can have up to nine menu items per
menu.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUITEM=blockname[,menu_text]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the name of the associated configuration block. The block must
be defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file. If the menu item is
selected from the startup menu, MS-DOS carries out the commands in the
associated configuration block, as well as any commands at the beginning
of the CONFIG.SYS file and any commands in configuration blocks with the
[common] header.
If MS-DOS cannot find a block with the specified name, the item does not
appear on the startup menu. The block name can be up to 70 characters
long and can contain most printable characters. It cannot include
spaces, backslashes (\), forward slashes (/), commas, semicolons (;),
equal signs (=), or square brackets ([ and ]).
menu_text
Specifies the text you want MS-DOS to display for this menu item. If you
don't specify any menu text, MS-DOS displays the block name as the menu
item. The menu text can be up to 70 characters long and can contain any
characters you want.
Related Commands
The MENUITEM command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other menu-definition
commands are:
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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SUBMENU
Defines an item on a startup menu that, when selected, displays another set
of choices. You can use this command only within a menu block in your
CONFIG.SYS file.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
SUBMENU=blockname[,menu_text]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the name of the associated menu block. The menu block must be
defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file and can contain menu-definition
commands. Unlike the "main" menu block, which must have the block name
[MENU], a menu block for a submenu can have any name you want. If MS-DOS
cannot find a block with the specified name, the item does not appear on
the startup menu. The block name can be up to 70 characters long and can
contain most printable characters. It cannot include spaces, backslashes
(\) and forward slashes (/), commas, semicolons (;), equal signs (=),
and square brackets ([ and ]).
menu_text
Specifies the text you want MS-DOS to display for this menu item. If you
don't specify any menu text, MS-DOS displays the block name as the menu
item. The menu text can be up to 70 characters long and can contain any
characters you want.
Related Commands
The SUBMENU command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus: The other commands are:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the steps required to define multiple configurations, see
<Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>.
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COPY
Copies one or more files to the location you specify.
This command can also be used to combine files. When more than one file is
copied, MS-DOS displays each filename as the file is copied.
Syntax
COPY [/A|/B] source [/A|/B] [+ source [/A|/B] [+ ...]][destination
[/A|/B]] [/V]
Parameters
source
Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files from which you
want to copy. Source can consist of a drive letter and colon, a
directory name, a filename, or a combination.
destination
Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files to which you
want to copy. Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a
directory name, a filename, or a combination.
Switches
/A
Indicates an ASCII text file. When the /A switch precedes the list of
filenames on the command line, it applies to all files whose names
follow the /A switch, until COPY encounters a /B switch, in which case
the /B switch applies to the file whose name precedes the /B switch.
When the /A switch follows a filename, it applies to the file whose name
precedes the /A switch and to all files whose names follow the /A
switch, until COPY encounters a /B switch, in which case the /B switch
applies to the file whose name precedes the /B switch.
An ASCII text file can use an end-of-file character (CTRL+Z) to indicate
the end of the file. When combining files, COPY treats files as ASCII
text files by default.
/B
Indicates a binary file. When the /B switch precedes the list of
filenames on the command line, it applies to all files whose names
follow the /B switch, until COPY encounters an /A switch, in which case
the /A switch applies to the file whose name precedes the /A switch.
When the /B switch follows a filename, it applies to the file whose name
precedes the /B switch and to all files whose names follow the /B
switch, until COPY encounters an /A switch, in which case the /A switch
applies to the file whose name precedes the /A switch.
The /B switch specifies that the command interpreter is to read the
number of bytes specified by the file size in the directory. The /B
switch is the default value for COPY unless COPY is combining files.
/V
Verifies that new files are written correctly.
Related Command
For information about copying directories and subdirectories, see the
<XCOPY> command.
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COUNTRY
Enables MS-DOS to use country-specific conventions for displaying times,
dates, and currency; for determining the order by which characters are
sorted; and for determing which characters can be used in filenames. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The COUNTRY command configures MS-DOS to recognize the character set and
punctuation conventions observed when using one of the supported languages.
Syntax
COUNTRY=xxx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]
Parameters
xxx
Specifies the country code.
yyy
Specifies the character set for the country.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file containing country
information.
Related Commands
For information about changing characters and their arrangement on your
keyboard, see the <KEYB> command, or see the chapter "Customizing for
International Use" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
For information about preparing and selecting character sets, see the
<MODE (set device code pages)> command.
For information about loading country-specific information, see the
<NLSFUNC> command.
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CTTY
Changes the terminal device used to control your computer.
Use the CTTY command if you want to use another device to enter commands.
Syntax
CTTY device
Parameter
device
Specifies the alternative device you want to use to type MS-DOS
commands. Valid values for the device parameter are PRN, LPT1, LPT2,
LPT3, CON, AUX, COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4.
Related Command
For more information about changing the input device when specifying a
command interpreter, see the <COMMAND> command.
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DATE
Displays the date and prompts you to change the date if necessary.
MS-DOS records the current date for each file you create or change; this
date is listed next to the filename in the directory.
Syntax
DATE [mm-dd-yy]
Parameter
mm-dd-yy
Sets the date you specify. Values for day, month, and year must be
separated by periods (.), hyphens (-), or slash marks (/). The date
format depends on the COUNTRY setting you are using in your CONFIG.SYS
file. The following list shows the valid values for the month, day, and
year portions of the mm-dd-yy parameter.
mm 1 through 12
dd 1 through 31
yy 80 through 99 or 1980 through 2099
Related Command
For information about changing the current time, see the <TIME> command.
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DBLSPACE
Compresses hard disk drives or floppy disks, and configures drives that were
compressed by using DoubleSpace.
Syntax
When you issue the DBLSPACE command by itself, the DoubleSpace program
starts. This program provides an easy-to-use, menu-oriented user interface
for setting up and working with compressed drives. For more information, see
the chapter "Making More Disk Space Available" in the MS-DOS 6 User's
Guide.
If you add switches or parameters to the DBLSPACE command, MS-DOS carries
out the requested task without starting the DoubleSpace program. The command
syntax differs from task to task. You can use the DBLSPACE command to
perform the following tasks:
Check the validity of a compressed drive's internal file structure. For
more information, see <DBLSPACE /CHKDSK>.
Compress a hard disk drive or floppy disk. For more information, see
<DBLSPACE /COMPRESS>.
Create a new compressed drive in the free space on an existing drive. For
more information, see <DBLSPACE /CREATE>.
Defragment a compressed drive. For more information, see
<DBLSPACE /DEFRAGMENT>.
Delete a compressed drive. For more information, see <DBLSPACE /DELETE>.
Format a compressed drive. For more information, see <DBLSPACE /FORMAT>.
Display information about a compressed drive. For more information, see
<DBLSPACE /INFO>.
Display a list of the drives on your computer. The list includes
compressed and uncompressed hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and
other removable-media drives. It does not include network drives. For
more information, see <DBLSPACE /LIST>.
Mount a compressed volume file (CVF). When DoubleSpace mounts a CVF, it
assigns it a drive letter; you can then use the files that CVF contains.
For more information, see <DBLSPACE /MOUNT>.
Unmount a compressed drive. For more information, see
<DBLSPACE /UNMOUNT>.
Change the estimated compression ratio of a compressed drive. For more
information, see <DBLSPACE /RATIO>.
Change the size of a compressed drive. For more information, see
<DBLSPACE /SIZE>.
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DBLSPACE.SYS
Determines the final memory location of DBLSPACE.BIN.
DBLSPACE.BIN is the part of MS-DOS that provides access to your compressed
drives. When you start your computer, MS-DOS loads DBLSPACE.BIN along with
other operating system functions, before carrying out the commands in your
CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files. DBLSPACE.BIN always loads in conventional
memory because it loads before device drivers that provide access to upper
memory.
When you run DoubleSpace Setup, it adds a DEVICE command for DBLSPACE.SYS to
your CONFIG.SYS file. To move DBLSPACE.BIN to upper memory, change the
DEVICE command for DBLSPACE.SYS to a DEVICEHIGH command.
Syntax
DEVICE = [drive:][path]DBLSPACE.SYS /MOVE
DEVICEHIGH = [drive:][path]DBLSPACE.SYS /MOVE
Switch /MOVE
Moves DBLSPACE.BIN to its final location in memory.
Initially, DBLSPACE.BIN loads at the top of conventional memory. When
DBLSPACE.SYS is loaded by using the DEVICE command, DBLSPACE.BIN moves
from the top of conventional memory to the bottom. This can be useful
for avoiding conflicts with programs that require access to the top of
conventional memory.
When DBLSPACE.SYS is loaded by using the DEVICEHIGH command,
DBLSPACE.BIN moves to upper memory, if available. Moving DBLSPACE.BIN to
upper memory makes more conventional memory available.
Parameter
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the DBLSPACE.SYS file.
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DEBUG
Starts the Debug program, which you can use to test and debug executable
files.
Syntax
DEBUG [[drive:][path]filename [testfile-parameters]]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the executable file you want to
test.
testfile-parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the executable file
you want to test.
Related Commands
The following commands are Debug commands:
<A (Assemble)> <P (Proceed)>
<C (Compare)> <Q (Quit)>
<D (Dump)> <R (Register)>
<E (Enter)> <S (Search)>
<F (Fill)> <T (Trace)>
<G (Go)> <U (Unassemble)>
<H (Hex)> <W (Write)>
<I (Input)> <XA (Allocate Expanded Memory)>
<L (Load)> <XD (Deallocate Expanded Memory)>
<M (Move)> <XM (Map Extended Memory Pages)>
<N (Name)> <XS (Display Expanded Memory Status)>
<O (Output)>
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DEFRAG
Reorganizes the files on a disk to optimize disk performance. Do not use
this command when you are running Windows.
Syntax
DEFRAG [drive:] [/F] [/S[:]order] [/B] [/SKIPHIGH] [/LCD | /BW | /G0]
[/H]
DEFRAG [drive:] [/U] [/B] [/SKIPHIGH] [/LCD | /BW | /G0] [/H]
Parameter
drive:
Specifies the drive that contains the disk you want to optimize.
Switches
/F
Defragments files and ensures that the disk contains no empty spaces
between files.
/U
Defragments files and leaves empty spaces, if any, between files.
/S
Controls how the files are sorted in their directories. If you omit this
switch, DEFRAG uses the current order on the disk. The colon (:) is
optional. The following list describes each of the values you can use to
sort files. Use any combination of the values, and do not separate these
values with spaces.
N
In alphabetic order by name
N-
In reverse alphabetic order by name (Z through A)
E
In alphabetic order by extension
E-
In reverse alphabetic order by extension (Z through A)
D
By date and time, earliest first
D-
By date and time, latest first
S
By size, smallest first
S-
By size, largest first
/B
Restarts your computer after files have been reorganized.
/SKIPHIGH
Loads DEFRAG into conventional memory. By default, DEFRAG is loaded into
upper memory, if upper memory is available.
/LCD
Starts DEFRAG using an LCD color scheme.
/BW
Starts DEFRAG using a black and white color scheme.
/G0
Disables the graphic mouse and graphic character set.
/H
Moves hidden files.
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DEL (Erase)
Deletes the files you specify.
Syntax
DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P]
ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
delete.
Switch
/P
Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.
Related Commands
For information about retrieving a deleted file, see the <UNDELETE>
command.
For information about removing a directory, see the <RMDIR> command.
For information about deleting a directory, its files, and all
subdirectories and files subordinate to it, see the <DELTREE> command.
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DELTREE
Deletes a directory and all the files and subdirectories that are in it.
Syntax
DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path
Parameter
drive:path
Specifies the name of the directory you want to delete. The DELTREE
command will delete all the files contained in the directory you
specify, as well as all subdirectories and files in the subdirectories
subordinate to this directory.
Switch
/Y
Carries out the DELTREE command without first prompting you to confirm
the deletion.
Related Commands
For information about removing a directory, see the <RMDIR> command.
For information about deleting files, see the <DEL> command.
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DEVICE
Loads the device driver you specify into memory. You can use this command
only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the device driver you want to load.
[dd-parameters]
Specifies any command-line information required by the device driver.
Related Command
For information about loading device drivers into the upper memory area, see
the <DEVICEHIGH> command.
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Device Drivers
The following installable device drivers are provided with MS-DOS:
<ANSI.SYS> <HIMEM.SYS>
<CHKSTATE.SYS> <INTERLNK.EXE>
<DBLSPACE.SYS> <POWER.EXE>
<DISPLAY.SYS> <RAMDRIVE.SYS>
<DRIVER.SYS> <SETVER.EXE>
<EGA.SYS> <SMARTDRV.EXE>
<EMM386.EXE>
The files COUNTRY.SYS and KEYBOARD.SYS are not device drivers. They are data
files for the COUNTRY and KEYB commands, respectively. Do not try to load
either of these files with the DEVICE command. If you do, your system halts,
and you cannot restart MS-DOS. For information about loading COUNTRY.SYS,
see the <COUNTRY> command. For information about loading KEYBOARD.SYS, see
the <KEYB> command.
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DEVICEHIGH
Loads device driver you specify into the upper memory area. Loading a device
driver into the upper memory area frees more bytes of conventional memory
for other programs. If upper memory is not available, the DEVICEHIGH command
functions just like the DEVICE command.
You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICEHIGH [drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
To specify the region(s) of memory into which to load the device driver, use
the following syntax:
DEVICEHIGH [[/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2] [/S]]=
[drive:][path]filename [dd-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the device driver you want to load
into the upper memory area.
dd-parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the device driver.
Switches
/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2]...
Specifies one or more regions of memory into which to load the device
driver. By default, MS-DOS loads the driver into the largest free
upper-memory block (UMB) and makes all other UMBs available for the
driver's use. You can use the /L switch to load the device driver into a
specific region of memory or to specify which region(s) the driver can
use.
To load the driver into the largest block in a specific region of upper
memory, specify the region number after the /L switch. For example, to
load the driver into the largest free block in region 4, you would type
/L:4. (To list the free areas of memory, type MEM /F at the command
prompt.)
When loaded with the /L switch, a device driver can use only the
specified memory region. Some device drivers use more than one area of
memory; for those drivers, you can specify more than one region. (To
find out how a particular device driver uses memory, issue the MEM /M
command and specify the device-driver name as an argument.) To specify
two or more regions, separate the block numbers with a semicolon (;).
For example, to use blocks 2 and 3, you would type /L:2;3.
Normally, MS-DOS loads a driver into a UMB in the specified region only
if that region contains a UMB larger than the driver's load size
(usually equal to the size of the executable program file). If the
driver requires more memory while running than it does when loaded, you
can use the minsize parameter to ensure that the driver will not be
loaded into a UMB that is too small for it. If you specify a value for
minsize, MS-DOS loads the driver into that region only if it contains a
UMB that is larger than both the driver's load size and the minsize
value.
/S
Shrinks the UMB to its minimum size while the driver is loading. Using
this switch makes the most efficient use of memory. This switch is
normally used only by the MemMaker program, which can analyze a device
driver's memory use to determine whether the /S switch can safely be
used when loading that driver. This switch can be used only in
conjunction with the /L switch and affects only UMBs for which a minimum
size was specified.
Related Commands
For information about loading programs into the upper memory area, see the
<LOADHIGH> command.
For information about loading device drivers into conventional memory, see
the <DEVICE> command.
For information about using the MemMaker program to move programs to the
upper memory area, see the <MEMMAKER> command.
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DIR
Displays a list of the files and subdirectories that are in the directory
you specify.
When you use DIR without parameters or switches, it displays the disk's
volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line,
including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and
time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their
cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk.
Syntax
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W]
[/A[[:]attributes]][/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L] [/C]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the drive and directory for which you want to see a listing.
[filename]
Specifies a particular file or group of files for which you want to see
a listing.
Switches
/P
Displays one screen of the listing at a time. To see the next screen,
press any key.
/W
Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five filenames or
directory names on each line.
/A[[:] attributes]
Displays only the names of those directories and files with the
attributes you specify. If you omit this switch, DIR displays the names
of all files except hidden and system files. If you use this switch
without specifying attributes, DIR displays the names of all files,
including hidden and system files. The following list describes each of
the values you can use for attributes. The colon (:) is optional. Use
any combination of these values, and do not separate the values with
spaces.
H
Hidden files
-H
Files that are not hidden
S
System files
-S
Files other than system files
D
Directories
-D
Files only (not directories)
A
Files ready for archiving (backup)
-A
Files that have not changed since the last backup
R
Read-only files
-R
Files that are not read-only
/O[[:] sortorder]
Controls the order in which DIR sorts and displays directory names and
filenames. If you omit this switch, DIR displays the names in the order
in which they occur in the directory. If you use this switch without
specifying sortorder, DIR displays the names of the directories, sorted
in alphabetic order, and then displays the names of files, sorted in
alphabetic order. The colon (:) is optional. The following list
describes each of the values you can use for sortorder. Use any
combination of the values, and do not separate these values with
spaces.
N
In alphabetic order by name
-N
In reverse alphabetic order by name (Z through A)
E
In alphabetic order by extension
-E
In reverse alphabetic order by extension (Z through A)
D
By date and time, earliest first
-D
By date and time, latest first
S
By size, smallest first
-S
By size, largest first
G
With directories grouped before files
-G
With directories grouped after files
C
By compression ratio, lowest first.
-C
By compression ratio, highest first.
/S
Lists every occurrence, in the specified directory and all
subdirectories, of the specified filename.
/B
Lists each directory name or filename, one per line (including the
filename extension). This switch displays no heading information and no
summary. The /B switch overrides the /W switch.
/L
Displays unsorted directory names and filenames in lowercase. This
switch does not convert extended characters to lowercase.
/C[H]
Displays the compression ratio of files compressed using Doublespace,
based on an 8K cluster size. The optional H switch displays the
compression ratio of files compressed using Doublespace, based on the
cluster size of the host drive. The /C[H] switch is ignored when used
with the /W or /B switch.
Related Commands
For information about displaying the directory structure of a path or disk,
see the <TREE> command.
For information about compressing disks, see the <DBLSPACE> command.
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DISKCOMP
Compares the contents of two floppy disks.
This command performs a track-by-track comparison. DISKCOMP determines the
number of sides and sectors per track to compare based on the format of the
first disk you specify.
Syntax
DISKCOMP [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/8]
Parameters
drive1:
Specifies the drive containing one of the floppy disks.
drive2:
Specifies the drive containing the other floppy disk.
Switches
/1
Compares only the first sides of the disks, even if the disks are
double-sided and the drives can read double-sided disks.
/8
Compares only the first 8 sectors per track, even if the disks contain 9
or 15 sectors per track.
Related Command
For information about comparing two files, see the <FC> command.
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DISKCOPY
Copies the entire contents of one floppy disk to another floppy disk.
DISKCOPY writes over the existing contents of the destination disk as it
copies the new information to it.
This command determines the number of sides to copy based on the source
drive and disk.
Syntax
DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V]
Parameters
drive1:
Specifies the drive containing the source disk.
drive2:
Specifies the drive containing the destination disk.
Switches
/1
Copies only the first side of a disk.
/V
Verifies that the information is copied correctly. Use of this switch
slows the copying process.
Related Commands
For information about copying one or more files, see the <COPY> command.
For information about copying directories and subdirectories, see the
<XCOPY> command.
For information about comparing two disks to see if they are identical, see
the <DISKCOMP> command.
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DISPLAY.SYS
Enables you to display international character sets on EGA, VGA, and LCD
monitors. This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH>
command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
For an introduction to preparing your screen and keyboard for character
sets, see the chapter "Customizing for International Use" in the MS-DOS 6
User's Guide.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]DISPLAY.SYS CON[:]=(type[,[hwcp][,n]])
DEVICE=[drive:][path]DISPLAY.SYS CON[:]=(type[,[hwcp][,(n,m)]])
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the DISPLAY.SYS file.
type
Specifies the display adapter in use. Valid values include EGA and LCD.
The EGA value supports both EGA and VGA display adapters. If you omit
the type parameter, DISPLAY.SYS checks the hardware to determine which
display adapter is in use. You can also specify CGA and MONO as values
for type, but they have no effect because character set switching is not
enabled for these devices.
hwcp
Specifies the number of the character set that your hardware supports.
The following list shows the character sets that MS-DOS supports and the
country or language for each:
437 United States
850 Multilingual (Latin I)
852 Slavic (Latin II)
860 Portuguese
863 Canadian-French
865 Nordic
For more information about character sets, see the appendix "Keyboard
Layouts and Character Sets" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
n
Specifies the number of character sets the hardware can support in
addition to the primary character set specified for the hwcp parameter.
Valid values for n are in the range 0 through 6. This value depends on
your hardware. For EGA display adapters, the maximum value for n is 6;
for LCD display adapters, the maximum value for n is 1.
m
Specifies the number of subfonts the hardware supports for each code
page. The default value is 2 if type is EGA, and 1 if type is LCD.
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DOS
Specifies that MS-DOS should maintain a link to the upper memory area, load
part of itself into the high memory area (HMA), or both. You can use this
command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DOS=HIGH|LOW[,UMB|,NOUMB]
DOS=[HIGH,|LOW,]UMB|NOUMB
Parameters
UMB|NOUMB
Specifies whether MS-DOS should manage upper memory blocks (UMBs)
created by a UMB provider such as EMM386.EXE. The UMB parameter
specifies that MS-DOS should manage UMBs, if they exist. The NOUMB
parameter specifies that MS-DOS should not manage UMBs. The default
setting is NOUMB.
HIGH|LOW
Specifies whether MS-DOS should attempt to load a part of itself into
the HMA (HIGH) or keep all of MS-DOS in conventional memory (LOW). The
default setting is LOW.
Related Commands
For information about loading a device driver into the upper memory area,
see the <DEVICEHIGH> command.
For information about loading a program into the upper memory area, see the
<LOADHIGH> command.
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DOSKEY
Loads the Doskey program into memory. The Doskey program recalls MS-DOS
commands and enables you to edit command lines and create and run macros.
Doskey is a memory-resident program. When installed, Doskey occupies about 3
kilobytes of resident memory.
Syntax
DOSKEY [/REINSTALL] [/BUFSIZE=size] [/MACROS]
[/HISTORY][/INSERT|/OVERSTRIKE] [macroname=[text]]
To start the Doskey program and use the default settings, use the following
syntax:
DOSKEY
Parameter
macroname=[text]
Creates a macro that carries out one or more MS-DOS commands (a Doskey
macro). Macroname specifies the name you want to assign to the macro.
Text specifies the commands you want to record.
Switches
/REINSTALL
Installs a new copy of the Doskey program, even if one is already
installed. In the latter case, the /REINSTALL switch also clears the
buffer.
/BUFSIZE=size
Specifies the size of the buffer in which Doskey stores commands and
Doskey macros. The default size is 512 bytes. The minimum buffer size is
256 bytes.
/MACROS
Displays a list of all Doskey macros. You can use a redirection symbol
(>) with the /MACROS switch to redirect the list to a file. You can
abbreviate the /MACROS switch as /M.
/HISTORY
Displays a list of all commands stored in memory. You can use a
redirection symbol (>) with the /HISTORY switch to redirect the list to
a file. You can abbreviate the /HISTORY switch as /H.
/INSERT|/OVERSTRIKE
Specifies whether new text you type is to replace old text. If you use
the /INSERT switch, new text that you type on a line is inserted into
old text (as if you had pressed the INSERT key). If you use the
/OVERSTRIKE switch, new text replaces old text. The default setting is
/OVERSTRIKE.
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DOSSHELL
Starts MS-DOS Shell, a graphical interface to MS-DOS.
Syntax
To start MS-DOS Shell in text mode, use the following syntax:
DOSSHELL [/T[:res[n]]] [/B]
To start MS-DOS Shell in graphics mode, use the following syntax:
DOSSHELL [/G[:res[n]]] [/B]
Parameters
res
Specifies a screen-resolution category. Valid values are L, M, and H to
specify low, medium, and high resolution, respectively. The default
value of res depends on your hardware.
n
Specifies a screen resolution when there is more than one choice within
a category. For information about the valid values for this parameter,
see the "Notes" screen. The default value of n depends on your
hardware.
Switches
/T
Starts MS-DOS Shell in text mode.
/B
Starts MS-DOS Shell using a black-and-white color scheme.
/G
Starts MS-DOS Shell in graphics mode.
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DRIVER.SYS
Creates a logical drive that you can use to refer to a physical floppy disk
drive. This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH>
command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
A logical drive is a pointer to a physical disk drive in your system. The
logical drive is associated with a drive letter (for example, A or B). You
can specify parameters to describe the disk drive to MS-DOS.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]DRIVER.SYS /D:number [/C] [/F:factor] [/H:heads]
[/S:sectors] [/T:tracks]
Parameter
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the DRIVER.SYS file.
Switches
/D:number
Specifies the number of the physical floppy disk drive. Valid values for
number are in the range 0 through 127. The first physical floppy disk
drive (drive A) is drive 0; a second physical floppy disk drive is drive
1; a third physical floppy disk drive, which must be external, is drive
2. For a computer with one floppy disk drive, drives A and B are both
numbered 0; for a computer with multiple floppy disk drives, drive B is
numbered 1.
/C
Specifies that the physical disk drive can detect whether the drive door
is closed (change-line support).
/F:factor
Specifies the type of disk drive. Valid values for factor are as
follows:
0 160K/180K or 320K/360K
1 1.2 megabyte (MB)
2 720K (3.5-inch disk) or other
7 1.44 MB (3.5-inch disk)
9 2.88 MB (3.5-inch disk)
The default value for factor is 2.
Generally, if you use the /F switch, you can omit the /H, /S, and /T
switches. Check the default values for these switches to make sure they
are correct for the type of disk drive you are using. To determine the
appropriate values for the disk drive, see the disk-drive manufacturer's
documentation.
If you specify the /H, /S, and /T switches, you can omit the /F switch.
/H:heads
Specifies the number of heads in the disk drive. Valid values for heads
are in the range 1 through 99. The default value is 2. To determine the
correct value for your disk drive, see the disk-drive manufacturer's
documentation.
/S:sectors
Specifies the number of sectors per track. Valid values for sectors are
in the range 1 through 99. The default value depends on the value of
/F:factor, as follows:
/F:0 /S:9
/F:1 /S:15
/F:2 /S:9
/F:7 /S:18
/F:9 /S:36
To determine the correct value for your disk drive, see the disk-drive
manufacturer's documentation.
/T:tracks
Specifies the number of tracks per side on the block device. Valid
values for tracks are in the range 1 through 999. The default value is
80, unless /F:factor is 0, in which case the default value is 40. To
determine the correct value for your disk drive, see the disk-drive
manufacturer's documentation.
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DRIVPARM
Defines parameters for devices such as disk and tape drives when you start
MS-DOS. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The DRIVPARM command modifies the parameters of an existing physical drive.
It does not create a new logical drive. The settings specified in the
DRIVPARM command override the driver definitions for any previous block
device.
Syntax
DRIVPARM=/D:number [/C] [/F:factor] [/H:heads] [/I] [/N] [/S:sectors]
[/T:tracks]
Switches
/D:number
Specifies the physical drive number. Values for number must be in the
range 0 through 255 (for example, drive number 0 = drive A, 1 = drive B,
2 = drive C, and so on).
/C
Specifies that the drive can detect whether the drive door is closed.
/F:factor
Specifies the drive type. The following list shows the valid values for
factor and a brief description of each. The default value is 2.
0
160K/180K or 320K/360K
1
1.2 megabyte (MB)
2
720K (3.5-inch disk)
5
Hard disk
6
Tape
7
1.44 MB (3.5-inch disk)
8
Read/write optical disk
9
2.88 MB (3.5-inch disk)
/H:heads
Specifies the maximum number of heads. Values for heads must be in the
range 1 through 99. The default value depends upon the value you specify
for /F:factor.
/I
Specifies an electronically compatible 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.
(Electronically compatible drives are installed on your computer and use
your existing floppy-disk-drive controller.) Use the /I switch if your
computer's ROM BIOS does not support 3.5-inch floppy disk drives.
/N
Specifies a non-removable block device.
/S:sectors
Specifies the number of sectors per track that the block device
supports. Values for sectors must be in the range 1 through 99. The
default value depends upon the value you specify for /F:factor.
/T:tracks
Specifies the number of tracks per side that the block device supports.
The default value depends upon the value you specify for /F:factor.
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ECHO
Displays or hides the text in batch programs when the program is running.
Also indicates whether the command-echoing feature is on or off.
When you run a batch program, MS-DOS typically displays (echoes) the batch
program's commands on the screen. You can turn this feature on or off by
using the ECHO command.
Syntax
ECHO [ON|OFF]
To use the echo command to display a message, use the following syntax:
echo [message]
Parameters
ON|OFF
Specifies whether to turn the command-echoing feature on or off. To
display the current ECHO setting, use the ECHO command without a
parameter.
message
Specifies text you want MS-DOS to display on the screen.
Related Command
For information about suspending the execution of a batch program, see the
<PAUSE> command.
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EDIT
Starts MS-DOS Editor, a text editor you can use to create and edit ASCII
text files.
MS-DOS Editor is a full-screen editor that allows you to create, edit, save,
and print ASCII text files. Using MS-DOS Editor, you can choose commands
from menus and specify information and preferences in dialog boxes. MS-DOS
Editor includes extensive online Help about MS-DOS Editor techniques and
commands.
Syntax
EDIT [[drive:][path]filename] [/B] [/G] [/H] [/NOHI]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of an ASCII text file. If the file does
not exist, MS-DOS Editor creates it. If the file exists, MS-DOS Editor
opens it and displays its contents on the screen.
Switches
/B
Displays MS-DOS Editor in black and white. Use this option if MS-DOS
Editor isn't displayed correctly on a monochrome monitor.
/G
Uses the fastest screen updating for a CGA monitor.
/H
Displays the maximum number of lines possible for the monitor you are
using.
/NOHI
Enables you to use 8-color monitors with MS-DOS Editor. Usually, MS-DOS
uses 16 colors.
CAUTION: MS-DOS Editor does not work if the file QBASIC.EXE is not in the
current directory or in the search path or in the same directory
as the file EDIT.COM. If you delete QBASIC.EXE to save space on
your hard disk, you cannot use MS-DOS Editor.
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EGA.SYS
Saves and restores the display when the MS-DOS Shell Task Swapper is used
with EGA monitors. If you have an EGA monitor, you must install the EGA.SYS
device driver before using Task Swapper. This device driver must be loaded
by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH> command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]EGA.SYS
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the EGA.SYS file.
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EMM386
Enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an
80386 or higher processor. The EMM386 command also enables or disables
Weitek coprocessor support. Do not use this command when you are running
Windows.
The EMM386 device driver, EMM386.EXE, provides expanded-memory support and
also provides access to the upper memory area. For information about
EMM386.EXE, see <EMM386.EXE>.
Syntax
EMM386 [ON|OFF|AUTO] [W=ON|W=OFF]
To display the current status of EMM386 expanded-memory support, use the
following syntax:
EMM386
Parameters
ON|OFF|AUTO
Activates the EMM386 device driver (if set to ON), or suspends the
EMM386 device driver (if set to OFF), or places the EMM386 device driver
in auto mode (if set to AUTO). Auto mode enables expanded-memory support
only when a program calls for it. The default value is ON.
W=ON|W=OFF
Enables (if set to W=ON) or disables (if set to W=OFF) Weitek
coprocessor support. The default value is W=OFF.
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EMM386.EXE
Provides access to the upper memory area and uses extended memory to
simulate expanded memory. This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE>
command in your CONFIG.SYS file and can be used only on computers with an
80386 or higher processor.
EMM386 uses extended memory to simulate expanded memory for programs that
can use expanded memory. EMM386 also makes it possible to load programs and
device drivers into upper memory blocks (UMBs).
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]EMM386.EXE [ON|OFF|AUTO] [memory] [MIN=size]
[W=ON|W=OFF] [Mx|FRAME=address|/Pmmmm] [Pn=address] [X=mmmm-nnnn]
[I=mmmm-nnnn] [B=address] [L=minXMS] [A=altregs] [H=handles] [D=nnn]
[RAM=mmmm-nnnn] [NOEMS] [NOVCPI] [HIGHSCAN] [VERBOSE] [WIN=mmmm-nnnn]
[NOHI] [ROM=mmmm-nnnn] [NOMOVEXBDA] [ALTBOOT]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the EMM386.EXE file.
[ON|OFF|AUTO]
Activates the EMM386 device driver (if set to ON), or suspends the
EMM386 device driver (if set to OFF), or places the EMM386 device driver
in auto mode (if set to AUTO). Auto mode enables expanded-memory support
and upper memory block support only when a program calls for it. The
default value is ON. Use the EMM386 command to change this value after
EMM386 has started.
memory
Specifies the maximum amount of extended memory (in kilobytes) that you
want EMM386 to provide as expanded/Virtual Control Program Interface
(EMS/VCPI) memory. This amount is in addition to the memory used for
UMBs and EMM386 itself. Values for memory are in the range 64 through
the lesser of either 32768 or the amount of extended memory available
when EMM386 is loaded. The default value is the amount of free extended
memory. If you specify the NOEMS switch, the default value is 0. EMM386
rounds the value down to the nearest multiple of 16.
Switches
MIN=size
Specifies the minimum amount of EMS/VCPI memory (in kilobytes) that
EMM386 will provide, if that amount of memory is available. EMM386
reserves this amount of extended memory for use as EMS/VCPI memory when
EMM386 is loaded by the DEVICE=EMM386.EXE command in your CONFIG.SYS
file. EMM386 may be able to provide additional EMS/VCPI memory (up to
the amount specified by the MEMORY parameter) if sufficient XMS memory
is available when a program requests EMS/VCPI memory. Values are in the
range 0 through the value specified by the MEMORY parameter. The default
value is 256. If you specify the NOEMS switch, the default value is 0.
If the value of MIN is greater than the value of MEMORY, EMM386 uses the
value specified by MIN.
W=ON|W=OFF
Enables or disables support for the Weitek coprocessor. The default
setting is W=OFF.
Mx
Specifies the address of the page frame. Valid values for x are in the
range 1 through 14. The following list shows each value and its
associated base address in hexadecimal format:
1 => C000h 8 => DC00h
2 => C400h 9 => E000h
3 => C800h 10 => 8000h
4 => CC00h 11 => 8400h
5 => D000h 12 => 8800h
6 => D400h 13 => 8C00h
7 => D800h 14 => 9000h
Values in the range 10 through 14 should be used only on computers that
have 512K of memory.
FRAME=address
Specifies the page-frame segment base directly. To specify a specific
segment-base address for the page frame, use the FRAME switch and
specify the address you want. Valid values for address are in the ranges
8000h through 9000h and C000h through E000h, in increments of 400h. To
provide expanded memory and disable the page frame, you can specify
FRAME=NONE; however, this may cause some programs that require expanded
memory to work improperly.
/Pmmmm
Specifies the address of the page frame. Valid values for mmmm are in
the ranges 8000h through 9000h and C000h through E000h, in increments of
400h.
Pn=address
Specifies the segment address of a specific page, where n is the number
of the page you are specifying and address is the segment address you
want. Valid values for n are in the range 0 through 255. Valid values
for address are in the ranges 8000h through 9C00h and C000h through
EC00h, in increments of 400h. The addresses for pages 0 through 3 must
be contiguous in order to maintain compatibility with version 3.2 of the
Lotus/Intel/Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification (LIM EMS). If you
use the Mx switch, the FRAME switch, or the /Pmmmm switch, you cannot
specify the addresses for pages 0 through 3 for the /Pmmmm switch.
X=mmmm-nnnn
Prevents EMM386 from using a particular range of segment addresses for
an EMS page or for UMBs. Valid values for mmmm and nnnn are in the range
A000h through FFFFh and are rounded down to the nearest 4-kilobyte
boundary. The X switch takes precedence over the I switch if the two
ranges overlap.
I=mmmm-nnnn
Specifies a range of segment addresses to be used (included) for an EMS
page or for UMBs. Valid values for mmmm and nnnn are in the range A000h
through FFFFh and are rounded down to the nearest 4-kilobyte boundary.
The X switch takes precedence over the I switch if the two ranges
overlap.
B=address
Specifies the lowest segment address available for EMS "banking"
(swapping of 16-kilobyte pages). Valid values are in the range 1000h
through 4000h. The default value is 4000h.
l=minXMS
Ensures that the specified amount (in kilobytes) of extended memory will
still be available after EMM386 is loaded. The default value is 0.
A=altregs
Specifies how many fast alternate register sets (used for multitasking)
you want to allocate to EMM386. Valid values are in the range 0 through
254. The default value is 7. Every alternate register set adds about 200
bytes to the size in memory of EMM386.
H=handles
Specifies how many handles EMM386 can use. Valid values are in the range
2 through 255. The default value is 64.
D=nnn
Specifies how many kilobytes of memory should be reserved for buffered
direct memory access (DMA). Discounting floppy-disk DMA, this value
should reflect the largest DMA transfer that will occur while EMM386 is
active. Valid values for nnn are in the range 16 through 256. The
default value is 16.
RAM=mmmm-nnnn
Specifies a range of segment addresses to be used for UMBs and also
enables EMS support. If you do not specify a range, EMM386 uses all
available adapter space to create UMBs and a page frame for EMS.
NOEMS
Provides access to the upper memory area but prevents access to expanded
memory.
NOVCPI
Disables support for VCPI applications. This switch must be used with
the NOEMS switch. If you specify the NOVCPI switch without specifying
the NOEMS switch, EMM386 does not disable VCPI support. If you specify
both switches, EMM386 disregards the MEMORY parameter and the MIN
switch. Disabling support for VCPI applications reduces the amount of
extended memory allocated.
HIGHSCAN
Specifies that EMM386 use an additional check to determine the
availablity of upper memory for use as UMBs or EMS windows. On some
computers, specifying this switch may have no effect or cause EMM386 to
identify upper memory areas as available when they are not. As a
result, your computer might stop responding.
VERBOSE
Directs EMM386 to display status and error messages while loading. By
default, EMM386 displays messages only if it encounters an error
condition. You can abbreviate VERBOSE as V. (To display status messages
without adding the VERBOSE switch, press and hold the ALT key while
EMM386 starts and loads.)
WIN=mmmm-nnnn
Reserves a specified range of segment addresses for Windows instead of
for EMM386. Valid values for mmmm and nnnn are in the range A000h
through FFFFh and are rounded down to the nearest 4-kilobyte boundary.
The X switch takes precedence over the WIN switch if the two ranges
overlap. The WIN switch takes precedence over the RAM, ROM, and I
switches if their ranges overlap.
[NOHI]
Prevents EMM386 from loading into the upper memory area. Normally, a
portion of EMM386 is loaded into upper memory. Specifying this switch
decreases available conventional memory and increases the upper memory
area available for UMBs.
[ROM=mmmm-nnnn]
Specifies a range of segment addresses that EMM386 uses for shadow
RAM컴random-access memory used for read-only memory (ROM). Valid values
for mmmm and nnnn are in the range A000h through FFFFh and are rounded
down to the nearest 4-kilobyte boundary. Specifying this switch may
speed up your system if it does not already have shadow RAM.
[NOMOVEXBDA]
Prevents EMM386 from moving the extended BIOS data from conventional
memory to upper memory.
[ALTBOOT]
Specifies that EMM386 use an alternate handler to restart your computer
when you press CTRL+ALT+DEL. Use this switch only if your computer stops
responding or exhibits other unusual behavior when EMM386 is loaded and
you press CTRL+ALT+DEL.
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DEL (Erase)
Deletes the files you specify.
Syntax
DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P]
ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
delete.
Switch
/P
Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.
Related Commands
For information about retrieving a deleted file, see the <UNDELETE>
command.
For information about removing a directory, see the <RMDIR> command.
For information about deleting a directory, its files, and all
subdirectories and files subordinate to it, see the <DELTREE> command.
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EXIT
Quits the MS-DOS command interpreter (COMMAND.COM) and returns to the
program that started the command interpreter, if one exists.
Syntax
EXIT
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EXPAND
Expands a compressed file. You can use this command to retrieve one or more
files from the Setup disks that accompany MS-DOS 6. These files are not
usable unless you expand them.
Syntax
EXPAND [drive:][path]filename [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
destination
If you type the following, EXPAND will prompt you for the location and/or
name you want to give the expanded file:
EXPAND [drive:][path]filename
If you type the following, EXPAND will prompt you for the location and name
of the compressed file you want to expand, then prompt you for the location
and/or name you want to give the expanded file:
EXPAND
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of a compressed file or files to be
expanded. You cannot use wildcards (* and ?).
destination
Specifies the location and/or name of the expanded file or files.
Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a directory name, a
filename, or a combination. However, you cannot specify a filename for
destination unless you also specify a single compressed file for
filename.
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FASTHELP
Displays a list of all MS-DOS 6 commands and gives a brief explanation of
each. The information that the FASTHELP command displays is similar to, but
less detailed than, the information found in MS-DOS Help.
Syntax
FASTHELP [command]
[command] /?
Parameter
command
Specifies the name of the command about which you want information. If
you do not specify a command name, the FASTHELP command lists and
briefly describes every command provided with MS-DOS 6.
Related Command
For information about MS-DOS Help, see the <HELP> command.
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FASTOPEN
Starts the Fastopen program, which improves performance on computers with
large directories. Fastopen decreases the amount of time that MS-DOS takes
to open frequently used files. Do not use this command when you are running
Windows.
Fastopen tracks the location of files on a hard disk and stores the
information in memory for fast access.
Syntax
FASTOPEN drive:[[=]n] [drive:[[n][...]] [/X]
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
INSTALL=[[dos-drive:]dos-path]FASTOPEN.EXE drive:[[=]n]
[drive:[[=]n][...]] [/X]
Warning: To avoid losing data, do not run a defragmentation program such as
Microsoft Defragmenter while FASTOPEN.EXE is loaded.
Parameters
[dos-drive:]dos-path
Specifies the location of FASTOPEN.EXE.
drive:
Specifies a hard disk drive for which you want Fastopen to track the
opening of files.
n
Specifies the number of files Fastopen can work with at the same time.
Valid values for n are in the range 10 through 999. The default value is
48.
Switch
/X
Creates the name cache in expanded memory instead of in conventional
memory. The name cache is an area of memory in which MS-DOS stores
(caches) the locations and names of the files that you open. This cache
conforms to version 4.0 of the Lotus/Intel/Microsoft Expanded Memory
Specification (LIM EMS).
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FC
Compares two files and displays the differences between them.
Syntax
To make an ASCII comparison, use the following syntax:
FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn][drive1:][path1]filename1
[drive2:][path2]filename2
To make a binary comparison, use the following syntax:
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
Parameters
[drive1:][path1]filename1
Specifies the location and name of the first file you want to compare.
[drive2:][path2]filename2
Specifies the location and name of the second file you want to compare.
Switches
/A
Abbreviates the output of an ASCII comparison. Instead of displaying all
the lines that are different, FC displays only the first and last line
for each set of differences.
/C
Ignores the case of letters.
/L
Compares the files in ASCII mode. FC compares the two files line by line
and attempts to resynchronize the files after finding a mismatch. This
is the default mode for comparing files that do not have extensions of
.EXE, .COM, .SYS, .OBJ, .LIB, or .BIN.
/LBn
Sets the number of lines for the internal line buffer. The default
length of the line buffer is 100 lines. If the files being compared have
more than this number of consecutive differing lines, FC cancels the
comparison.
/N
Displays the line numbers during an ASCII comparison.
/T
Does not expand tabs to spaces. The default behavior is to treat tabs as
spaces, with stops at each eighth character position.
/W
Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) during the comparison. If a
line contains many consecutive spaces or tabs, the /W switch treats
these characters as a single space. When used with the /W switch, FC
ignores (and does not compare) white space at the beginning and end of a
line.
/nnnn
Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match before FC
considers the files to be resynchronized. If the number of matching
lines in the files is less than this number, FC displays the matching
lines as differences. The default value is 2.
/B
Compares the files in binary mode. FC compares the two files byte by
byte and does not attempt to resynchronize the files after finding a
mismatch. This is the default mode for comparing files that have
extensions of .EXE, .COM, .SYS, .OBJ, .LIB, or .BIN.
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FCBS
Specifies the number of file control blocks (FCBs) that MS-DOS can have open
at the same time. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
A file control block is a data structure that stores information about a
file.
Syntax
FCBS=x
Parameter
x
Specifies the number of file control blocks that MS-DOS can have open at
one time. Valid values for x are in the range 1 through 255. The default
value is 4.
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FDISK
Starts the Fdisk program, which configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS.
Fdisk displays a series of menus to help you partition your hard disk(s) for
MS-DOS.
Syntax
To start the Fdisk program, use the following syntax:
FDISK
To display partition information without starting the Fdisk program, use the
following syntax:
FDISK /STATUS
Switch
/STATUS
Displays an overview of the partition information of your computer's
hard disk(s), without starting the Fdisk program.
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FILES
Specifies the number of files that MS-DOS can access at one time. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
FILES=x
Parameter
x
Specifies the number of files that MS-DOS can access at one time. Valid
values for x are in the range 8 through 255. The default value is 8.
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FIND
Searches for a specific string of text in a file or files.
After searching the specified files, FIND displays any lines of text that
contain the specified string.
Syntax
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[...]]
Parameters
"string"
Specifies the group of characters you want to search for. You must
enclose the text for string in quotation marks.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file in which to search for the
specified string.
Switches
/V
Displays all lines not containing the specified string.
/C
Displays only a count of the lines that contain the specified string.
/N
Precedes each line with the file's line number.
/I
Specifies that the search is not to be case-sensitive.
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FOR
Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files. You can use this
command in batch programs or at the command prompt.
Syntax
To use FOR in a batch program, use the following syntax:
FOR %%variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]
To use FOR from the command prompt, use the following syntax:
FOR %variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]
Parameters
%%variable or %variable
Represents a replaceable variable. The FOR command replaces %%variable
(or %variable) with each text string in the specified set until the
command (specified in the command parameter) processes all the files.
Use %%variable to carry out the FOR command within a batch program. Use
%variable to carry out FOR from the command prompt.
(set)
Specifies one or more files or text strings that you want to process
with the specified command. The parentheses are required.
command
Specifies the command that you want to carry out on each file included
in the specified set.
command-parameters
Specifies any parameters or switches that you want to use with the
specified command (if the specified command uses any parameters or
switches).
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FORMAT
Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS.
The FORMAT command creates a new root directory and file allocation table
for the disk. It can also check for bad areas on the disk, and it can delete
all data on the disk. In order for MS-DOS to be able to use a new disk, you
must first use this command to format the disk.
Syntax
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/F:size][/B|/S]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B|/S]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/B|/S]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B|/S]
Warning: Do not format a floppy disk at a size higher than it was designed
for. For more information, see <Format컴Notes>.
Parameter
drive:
Specifies the drive containing the disk you want to format. You must
specify a drive parameter. If you do not specify any of the following
switches, FORMAT uses the drive type to determine the default format for
the disk.
If the disk was previously formatted and you do not use the /U switch,
the old file allocation table and root directory are saved to allow
unformatting of the disk if necessary. If you realize that you formatted
the wrong disk, use the <UNFORMAT> command as soon as possible.
Switches
/V:label
Specifies the volume label. A volume label identifies the disk and can
be a maximum of 11 characters. If you omit the /V switch or use it
without specifying a volume label, MS-DOS prompts you for the volume
label after the formatting is completed. If you format more than one
disk by using one FORMAT command, all of the disks will be given the
same volume label. The /V switch is not compatible with the /8 switch.
For more information about disk volume labels, see the DIR, LABEL, and
VOL commands.
/Q
Specifies a quick format of a disk. With this switch, FORMAT deletes the
file allocation table (FAT) and the root directory of a previously
formatted disk, but does not scan the disk for bad areas. Use the /Q
switch to format only previously formatted disks that you know are in
good condition.
/U
Specifies an unconditional format of a disk. Unconditional formatting
destroys all existing data on a disk and prevents you from later
"unformatting" the disk. You should use /U if you have received read and
write errors during use of a disk. For information about unformatting a
disk, see the UNFORMAT command.
/F:size
Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format. When possible, use this
switch instead of the /T and /N switches. Use one of the following
values for size:
160 (or 160K or 160KB)
160K, single-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
180 (or 180K or 180KB)
180K, single-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
320 (or 320K or 320KB)
320K, double-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
360 (or 360K or 360KB)
360K, double-sided, double-density, 5.25-inch disk
720 (or 720K or 720KB)
720K, double-sided, double-density, 3.5-inch disk
1200 (or 1200K or 1200KB or 1.2 or 1.2M or 1.2MB)
1.2-MB, double-sided, quadruple-density, 5.25-inch disk
1440 (or 1440K or 1440KB or 1.44 or 1.44M or 1.44MB)
1.44-MB, double-sided, quadruple-density, 3.5-inch disk
2880 (or 2880K or 2880KB or 2.88 or 2.88M or 2.88MB)
2.88-MB, double-sided, extra-high-density, 3.5-inch disk
/B
Reserves space for the system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS (as hidden
files) on a newly formatted disk. In previous versions of MS-DOS, it was
necessary to reserve this space before using the SYS command to copy the
system files to the disk. This switch is maintained in MS-DOS version
6.0 for compatibility reasons only.
/S
Copies the operating system files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM
from your system's startup drive to a newly formatted disk that you can
use as a system disk. If FORMAT cannot find the operating system files,
it prompts you to insert a system disk.
/T:tracks
Specifies the number of tracks on the disk. When possible, use the /F
switch instead of this switch. If you use the /T switch, you must also
use the /N switch. These two switches provide an alternative method of
specifying the size of the disk being formatted. You cannot use the /F
switch with the /T switch.
/N:sectors
Specifies the number of sectors per track. When possible, use the /F
switch instead of this switch. If you use the /N switch, you must * also
use the /T switch. These two switches provide an alternative method of
specifying the size of the disk being formatted. You cannot use the /F
switch with the /N switch.
/1
Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4
Formats a 5.25-inch, 360K, double-sided, double-density floppy disk on a
1.2-MB disk drive. Some 360K drives cannot reliably read disks formatted
with this switch. When used with the /1 switch, this switch formats a
5.25-inch, 180K, single-sided floppy disk.
/8
Formats a 5.25-inch disk with 8 sectors per track. This switch formats a
floppy disk to be compatible with MS-DOS versions earlier than 2.0.
Related Command
For information about restoring disks after using the FORMAT command, see
the <UNFORMAT> command.
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GOTO
Directs MS-DOS to a line in a batch program that is marked by a label you
specify. You can use this command only in batch programs.
The GOTO command directs MS-DOS within a batch program to a line identified
by a label. When MS-DOS finds the label, it processes the commands beginning
on the next line.
Syntax
GOTO label
Parameters
label
Specifies the line in a batch program to which MS-DOS should go.
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GRAPHICS
Loads a program into memory that allows MS-DOS to print the information
displayed on your screen. Use the GRAPHICS command only if you are using a
color or graphics adapter.
The GRAPHICS command supports the CGA, EGA, and VGA graphics display modes.
Syntax
GRAPHICS [type] [[drive:][path]filename] [/R] [/B] [/LCD]
[/PRINTBOX:STD|/PRINTBOX:LCD]
Parameters
type
Specifies the type of printer. The following list shows each valid value
for this parameter and gives a brief description of its meaning:
COLOR1
An IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with black ribbon
COLOR4
An IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with RGB (red, green, blue,
and black) ribbon
COLOR8
An IBM Personal Computer Color Printer with CMY (cyan, magenta,
yellow, and black) ribbon
HPDEFAULT
Any Hewlett-Packard PCL printer
DESKJET
A Hewlett-Packard DeskJet printer
GRAPHICS
An IBM Personal Graphics Printer, IBM Proprinter, or IBM Quietwriter
printer
GRAPHICSWIDE
An IBM Personal Graphics Printer with an 11-inch-wide carriage
LASERJET
A Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer
LASERJETII
A Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II printer
PAINTJET
A Hewlett-Packard PaintJet printer
QUIETJET
A Hewlett-Packard QuietJet printer
QUIETJETPLUS
A Hewlett-Packard QuietJet Plus printer
RUGGEDWRITER
A Hewlett-Packard RuggedWriter printer
RUGGEDWRITERWIDE
A Hewlett-Packard RuggedWriterwide printer
THERMAL
An IBM PC-convertible Thermal Printer
THINKJET
A Hewlett-Packard ThinkJet printer
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the printer profile that contains
information about all supported printers. If this parameter is omitted,
MS-DOS looks for a file called GRAPHICS.PRO in the current directory and
in the directory that contains the GRAPHICS.COM file.
Switches
/R
Prints the image as it appears on the screen (white characters on a
black background) rather than reversed (black characters on a white
background). The latter occurs by default.
/B
Prints the background in color. This switch is valid for COLOR4 and
COLOR8 printers.
/LCD
Prints an image by using the liquid crystal display (LCD) aspect ratio
instead of the CGA aspect ratio. The effect of this switch is the same
as that of /PRINTBOX:LCD.
/PRINTBOX:STD or /PRINTBOX:LCD
Selects the print-box size. Check the first operand of the PRINTBOX
statement in your GRAPHICS.PRO file. If that operand is STD, specify the
/PRINTBOX:STD switch. If that operand is LCD, specify the /PRINTBOX:LCD
switch. You can abbreviate PRINTBOX as PB.
Related Command
For information about printing text files, see the <PRINT> command.
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HELP
Starts MS-DOS Help.
Syntax
HELP [/B] [/G] [/H] [/NOHI] [topic]
Switches
/B
Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics card.
/G
Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen.
/H
Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware.
/NOHI
Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support.
Parameter
topic
Specifies the command whose help topic you want to display.
Related Command
For information about other online Help information, see the <FASTHELP>
command.
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HIMEM.SYS
HIMEM is an extended-memory manager컴a program that coordinates the use of
your computer's extended memory, including the high memory area (HMA), so
that no two applications or device drivers use the same memory at the same
time.
You install HIMEM by adding a <DEVICE> command for HIMEM.SYS to your
CONFIG.SYS file. The HIMEM.SYS command line must come before any commands
that start applications or device drivers that use extended memory; for
example, the HIMEM.SYS command line must come before the EMM386.EXE command
line.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]HIMEM.SYS [/A20CONTROL:ON|OFF] [/CPUCLOCK:ON|OFF]
[/EISA] [/HMAMIN=m] [/INT15=xxxx] [/NUMHANDLES=n] [/MACHINE:xxxx]
[/SHADOWRAM:ON|OFF] [/VERBOSE]
In most cases, you won't need to specify command-line options. The default
values for HIMEM.SYS are designed to work with most hardware.
Parameter
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the HIMEM.SYS file. HIMEM.SYS should always be
located on the same drive that contains your MS-DOS files. If the
HIMEM.SYS file is in the root directory of your startup drive, you don't
need to include a path. However, you must always include the complete
filename (HIMEM.SYS).
Switches
/A20CONTROL:ON|OFF
Specifies whether HIMEM is to take control of the A20 line even if A20
was on when HIMEM was loaded. The A20 handler gives your computer access
to the HMA. If you specify /A20CONTROL:OFF, HIMEM takes control of the
A20 line only if A20 was off when HIMEM was loaded. The default setting
is /A20CONTROL:ON.
/CPUCLOCK:ON|OFF
Specifies whether HIMEM is to affect the clock speed of your computer.
If your computer's clock speed changes when you install HIMEM,
specifying /CPUCLOCK:ON may correct the problem; however, enabling this
option slows down HIMEM. The default setting is /CPUCLOCK:OFF.
/EISA
Specifies that HIMEM should allocate all available extended memory. This
switch is necessary only on an EISA (Extended Industry Standard
Architecture) computer with more than 16 MB of memory; on other
computers, HIMEM automatically allocates all available extended memory.
/HMAMIN=m
Specifies how many kilobytes of memory an application must require for
HIMEM to give that application use of the HMA. Only one application can
use the HMA at a time; HIMEM allocates the HMA to the first application
that meets the memory-use requirements set by this option. You can
specify a value from 0 to 63.
Set /HMAMIN to the amount of memory required by the application that
uses the most HMA memory.
The /HMAMIN option is not required; the default value is zero. Omitting
this option (or setting it to zero) specifies that HIMEM allocate the
HMA to the first application that requests it, regardless of how much of
the HMA the application is going to use.
The /HMAMIN option has no effect when Windows is running in 386 enhanced
mode.
/INT15=xxxx
Allocates the amount of extended memory (in kilobytes) to be reserved
for the Interrupt 15h interface. Some older applications use the
Interrupt 15h interface to allocate extended memory rather than using
the XMS (eXtended-Memory Specification) method provided by HIMEM. If you
use these applications, you can ensure enough memory is available to
them by setting xxxx to 64 KB larger than the amount required by the
application.
You can specify a value from 64 to 65535; however, you cannot specify
more memory than your system has available. If you specify a value less
than 64, the value becomes 0. The default value is 0.
/NUMHANDLES=n
Specifies the maximum number of extended-memory block (EMB) handles that
can be used simultaneously. You can specify a value from 1 to 128; the
default value is 32. Each additional handle requires an additional 6
bytes of memory.
The /NUMHANDLES option has no effect when Windows is running in 386
enhanced mode.
/MACHINE:xxxx
Specifies what type of computer you are using. Usually, HIMEM can detect
your computer type successfully; however, there are a few computers that
HIMEM cannot detect. On such systems, HIMEM uses the default system type
(IBM AT or compatible). You might need to include the /MACHINE option if
your computer is a type that HIMEM cannot detect and if HIMEM does not
work properly on your system by using the default system type.
Currently, systems that require this option include Acer 1100, Wyse, and
IBM 7552.
The value for xxxx can be any of the codes or their equivalent numbers
listed in the following table.
Code Number Computer type
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at 1 IBM AT or 100% compatible
ps2 2 IBM PS/2
ptlcascade 3 Phoenix Cascade BIOS
hpvectra 4 HP Vectra (A & A+)
att6300plus 5 AT&T 6300 Plus
acer1100 6 Acer 1100
toshiba 7 Toshiba 1600 & 1200XE
wyse 8 Wyse 12.5 Mhz 286
tulip 9 Tulip SX
zenith 10 Zenith ZBIOS
at1 11 IBM PC/AT (alternative delay)
at2 12 IBM PC/AT (alternative delay)
css 12 CSS Labs
at3 13 IBM PC/AT (alternative delay)
philips 13 Philips
fasthp 14 HP Vectra
ibm7552 15 IBM 7552 Industrial Computer
bullmicral 16 Bull Micral 60
dell 17 Dell XBIOS
/SHADOWRAM:ON|OFF
Specifies whether to disable shadow RAM (SHADOWRAM:OFF) or to leave the
ROM code running from RAM (SHADOWRAM:ON).
Some computers make ROM code run faster by "shadowing" it in RAM컴that
is, by copying the ROM code into faster RAM memory at startup, which
uses some extended memory. On computers that use shadow RAM and have
less than 2 MB of RAM, HIMEM usually attempts to disable shadow RAM to
recover additional extended memory for Windows to use. (HIMEM can
disable shadow RAM only on certain types of systems.) When HIMEM
disables shadow RAM, the ROM code runs in the slower ROM instead of RAM;
therefore, your computer might run slightly slower than it did before.
/VERBOSE
Directs HIMEM to display status and error messages while loading. By
default, HIMEM does not display any messages unless it encounters an
error. You can abbreviate /VERBOSE as /V. (To display status messages
without adding the /VERBOSE switch, press and hold the ALT key while
HIMEM starts and loads.)
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IF
Performs conditional processing in batch programs. If the condition
specified by an IF command is true, MS-DOS carries out the command that
follows the condition. If the condition is false, MS-DOS ignores the
command. You can use this command only in batch programs.
Syntax
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command
IF [NOT] string1==string2 command
IF [NOT] EXIST filename command
Parameters
NOT
Specifies that MS-DOS should carry out the command only if the condition
is false.
ERRORLEVEL number
Specifies a true condition only if the previous program run by
COMMAND.COM returned an exit code equal to or greater than number.
command
Specifies the command that MS-DOS should carry out if the preceding
condition is met.
string1==string2
Specifies a true condition only if string1 and string2 are the same.
These values can be literal strings or batch variables (%1, for
example). Literal strings do not need quotation marks.
EXIST filename
Specifies a true condition if filename exists.
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INCLUDE
Includes the contents of one configuration block within another. You can use
this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The INCLUDE command is one of five special CONFIG.SYS commands used for
defining multiple configurations within a single CONFIG.SYS file. With
multiple configurations, you define a menu that appears when your computer
starts. Each menu item corresponds to a block of commands, or "configuration
block," in your CONFIG.SYS file. For more information about multiple
configurations and configuration blocks, see the chapter "Configuring Your
System" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
INCLUDE=blockname
Parameter
blockname
Specifies the name of the configuration block to include.
Related Commands
The INCLUDE command is one of five special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
multiple configurations. The other commands are for defining the startup
menu, and are as follows:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
In addition, the <NUMLOCK> command is especially useful when defining
startup menus.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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INSTALL
Loads a memory-resident program into memory when you start MS-DOS. You can
use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Memory-resident programs stay in memory as long as your computer is on. They
can be used even when other programs are active. You can use the INSTALL
command to load MS-DOS memory-resident programs컴for example, Fastopen,
Keyb, Nlsfunc, and Share.
Syntax
INSTALL=[drive:][path]filename [command-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the memory-resident program you want
to run.
command-parameters
Specifies parameters for the program you specify for filename.
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INTERLNK
Connects two computers via parallel or serial ports and enables the
computers to share disks and printer ports. For example, you could connect a
laptop computer to a desktop computer and share files. You must install the
<INTERLNK.EXE> device driver before you can use this command.
Syntax
INTERLNK [client[:]=[server][:]]
To display the current status of the Interlnk program, use the following
syntax:
INTERLNK
Parameters
client
Specifies the letter of the client drive that is redirected to a drive
on the Interlnk server. The drive must be one that was redirected when
you started Interlnk.
server
Specifies the letter of the drive on the Interlnk server that will be
redirected. The drive must be one listed in the This Computer (Server)
column of the Interlnk server screen. If no drive letter is specified,
the client drive will no longer be redirected.
Related Commands
For more information about the Interlnk device driver, see <INTERLNK.EXE>.
For more information about Intersvr, see the <INTERSVR> command.
For more information about setting the number of available drive letters,
see the <LASTDRIVE> command.
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INTERLNK.EXE
Redirects requests for operations on one or more Interlnk client drives or
printer ports to one or more drives or printer ports on the Interlnk server.
This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH> command in
your CONFIG.SYS file.
You must install the INTERLNK.EXE device driver before you can use the
<INTERLNK> and <INTERSVR> commands.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]INTERLNK.EXE [/DRIVES:n] [/NOPRINTER]
[/COM[:][n|address]] [/LPT[:][n|address]] [/AUTO] [/NOSCAN] [/LOW]
[/BAUD:rate] [/V]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the INTERLNK.EXE file.
Switches
/DRIVES:n
Specifies the number of redirected drives. By default, the number is 3.
If you specify 0 as a value for n, Interlnk redirects only printers.
/NOPRINTER
Specifies that printers not be redirected when you install INTERLNK.EXE.
By default, Interlnk redirects all available printer ports.
/COM[:][n|address]
Specifies a serial port to use for data transfer. The n parameter
specifies the number of the serial port. The address parameter specifies
the address of the serial port. If you omit n or address, the Interlnk
client searches all serial ports and uses the first port that it finds
connected to the server. If you specify the /COM switch and omit the
/LPT switch, the client searches only for serial ports. By default,
Interlnk scans all serial and parallel ports.
/LPT[:][n|address]
Specifies a parallel port to use for data transfer. The n parameter
specifies the number of the parallel port. The address parameter
specifies the address of the parallel port. If you omit n or address,
the Interlnk client uses the first parallel port that it finds connected
to the server. If you specify the /LPT switch and omit the /COM switch,
the client searches only for parallel ports. By default, Interlnk scans
all serial and parallel ports.
/AUTO
Installs the INTERLNK.EXE device driver in memory only if the client can
establish a connection with the server when the client starts up. By
default, Interlnk is installed in memory even if the client cannot
establish a connection with the server.
/NOSCAN
Installs the INTERLNK.EXE device driver in memory, but prevents
establishing a connection between client and server during setup. By
default, the client tries to establish a connection with the server as
soon as you install INTERLNK.EXE.
/LOW
Loads the INTERLNK.EXE device driver into conventional memory, even if
the upper memory area is available. By default, INTERLNK.EXE is loaded
into the upper memory area if the upper memory area is available.
/BAUD:rate
Sets a maximum baud rate for serial communication. Valid values for rate
are 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200. The default is 115200.
/V
Prevents conflicts with a computer's timer. Specify this switch if you
have a serial connection between computers and one of them stops running
when you use Interlnk to access a drive or printer port.
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INTERSVR
Starts the Interlnk server.
Syntax
INTERSVR [drive:[...]] [/X=drive:[...]] [/LPT:[n|address]]
[/COM:[n|address]] [/BAUD:rate] [/B] [/V]
To copy Interlnk files from one computer to another, use the following
syntax:
INTERSVR /RCOPY
Parameter
drive:
Specifies the letter(s) of the drive(s) that will be redirected. By
default, all drives are redirected.
Switches
/X=drive:
Specifies the letter(s) of drive(s) that will not be redirected. By
default, all drives are redirected.
/LPT:[n|address]
Specifies a parallel port to use. The n parameter specifies the number
of the parallel port. The address parameter specifies the address of the
parallel port. If you omit n or address, the Interlnk server uses the
first parallel port that it finds connected to the client. If you
specify the /LPT switch and omit the /COM switch, the server searches
only for parallel ports. By default, all parallel and serial ports are
scanned.
/COM:[n|address]
Specifies a serial port to use. The n parameter specifies the number of
the serial port. The address parameter specifies the address of the
serial port. If you omit n or address, the Interlnk server searches all
serial ports and uses the first port that it finds connected to the
client. If you specify the /COM switch and omit the /LPT switch, the
server searches only for serial ports. By default, all parallel and
serial ports are scanned.
/BAUD:rate
Sets a maximum serial baud rate. Valid values for rate are 9600, 19200,
38400, 57600, and 115200. The default value is 115200.
/B
Displays the Interlnk server screen in black and white. Use this switch
if you have problems reading your monochrome monitor.
/V
Prevents conflicts with a computer's timer. Use this switch if you have
a serial connection between computers and one of them stops running when
you use Interlnk to access a drive or printer port.
/RCOPY
Copies Interlnk files from one computer to another, provided that the
computers are connected with a 7-wire, null-modem serial cable and that
the <MODE> command is available on the computer where you are installing
Interlnk.
Related Commands
For more information about Interlnk, see <INTERLNK> and <INTERLNK.EXE>.
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KEYB
Starts the Keyb program, which configures a keyboard for a specific
language.
Use Keyb to configure a keyboard for a language other than United States
English. For an introduction to the Keyb program, see the chapter
"Customizing for International Use" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
At the command prompt, use the following syntax:
KEYB [xx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]] [/E] [/ID:nnn]
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
INSTALL=[[dos-drive:]dos-path]KEYB.COM
[xx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]] [/E] [/ID:nnn]
Parameters
xx
Specifies the code for a keyboard layout. See the table at the end of
this topic for a list of valid values for this parameter.
yyy
Specifies the character set (code page). See the table at the end of
this topic for a list of valid values for this parameter. If this value
is not specified, KEYB uses the current character set.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the keyboard definition file. The
default filename is KEYBOARD.SYS. If KEYBOARD.SYS is in a directory
included in the path, you do not have to specify these parameters.
[dos-drive:]dos-path
Specifies the location of the KEYB.COM file.
Switches
/E
Specifies that an enhanced keyboard is installed. Use this switch if you
are using an enhanced keyboard with an 8086 computer.
/ID:nnn
Specifies the keyboard in use. This switch is valid only for countries
that have more than one keyboard layout for the same language (France,
Italy, and the United Kingdom). See the following table for a list of
valid values for nnn.
Values for xx, yyy, and nnn
The following table shows the valid values for xx, yyy, and nnn for each
country or language:
Country or Keyboard layout Character set Keyboard
language (xx value) (yyy value) identification
(MInnnD value)
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Belgium be 850, 437
Brazil br 850, 437
Canadian-French cf 850, 863
Czechoslovakia cz 852, 850
(Czech)
Czechoslovakia sl 852, 850
(Slovak)
Denmark dk 850, 865
Finland su 850, 437
France fr 850, 437 120, 189
Germany gr 850, 437
Hungary hu 852, 850
Italy it 850, 437 141, 142
Latin America la 850, 437
Netherlands nl 850, 437
Norway no 850, 865
Poland pl 852, 850
Portugal po 850, 860
Spain sp 850, 437
Sweden sv 850, 437
Switzerland sf 850, 437
(French)
Switzerland sg 850, 437
(German)
United Kingdom uk 850, 437 166, 168
United States us 850, 437
Yugoslavia yu 852, 850
Related Command
For information about using active and prepared character sets, see the
<CHCP> command.
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LABEL
Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label (name) of a disk.
MS-DOS displays the volume label as part of the directory listing. If a
volume serial number exists, MS-DOS displays this number as well.
Syntax
LABEL [drive:][label]
To specify that MS-DOS is to display the current volume label and serial
number, if they exist, and that MS-DOS is to prompt you to enter a label or
delete the existing one, use the following syntax:
LABEL
Parameters
drive:
Specifies the location of the disk you want to name.
label
Specifies the new volume label. You must include a colon (:) between
drive and label.
Related Commands
For information about displaying the current disk label, see the <DIR> or
<VOL> command.
For information about the volume serial number of a disk, see the <VOL>
command.
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LASTDRIVE
Specifies the maximum number of drives you can access. You can use this
command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The value you specify represents the last valid drive MS-DOS is to
recognize.
Syntax
LASTDRIVE=x
Parameter
x
Specifies a drive letter in the range A through Z.
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LOADHIGH (LH)
Loads a program into the upper memory area. Loading a program into the upper
memory area leaves more room in conventional memory for other programs. (For
more information about optimizing memory, see the chapter "Making More
Memory Available" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.)
Syntax
LOADHIGH [drive:][path]filename [parameters]
To specify the region(s) of memory into which to load the program, use the
following syntax:
LOADHIGH [/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2]...] [/S]]
[drive:][path]filename [parameters]
You can abbreviate LOADHIGH as LH.
Switches
/L:region1[,minsize1][;region2[,minsize2]...]
Specifies one or more regions of memory into which to load the program.
If /L is not used, MS-DOS loads the program into the largest free
upper-memory block (UMB) and makes all other UMBs available for the
program's use. You can use the /L switch to load the program into a
specific region of memory or to specify which region(s) the program can
use.
To load the program into the largest block in a specific region of upper
memory, specify the region number after the /L switch. For example, to
load the program into the largest free block in region 4, you would type
/L:4. (To list the free areas of memory, type MEM /F at the command
prompt.)
When loaded with the /L switch, a program can use only the specified
memory region. Some programs use more than one area of memory; for those
programs, you can specify more than one region. (To find out how a
particular program uses memory, use the MEM /M command and specify the
program name as an argument.) To specify two or more regions, separate
the block numbers with a semicolon (;). For example, to use blocks 2 and
3, you would type /L:2;3.
Normally, MS-DOS loads the program into a UMB in the specified region
only if that region contains a UMB larger than the program's load size
(usually equal to the size of the executable program file). If the
program requires more memory while running than it does when loaded, you
can use the minsize parameter to ensure that the program will not be
loaded into a UMB that is too small for it. If you specify a value for
minsize, MS-DOS loads the program into that region only if it contains a
UMB that is larger than both the program's load size and the minsize
value.
/S
Shrinks the UMB to its minimum size while the program is loading. Using
this switch makes the most efficient use of memory. This switch is
typically used only by the MemMaker program, which can analyze a
program's memory use to determine whether the /S switch can safely be
used when loading that program. This switch can be used only in
conjunction with the /L switch and affects only UMBs for which a minimum
size was specified.
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the program you want to load.
parameters
Specifies any command-line information required by the program.
Related Commands
For information about loading device drivers into upper memory, see the
<DEVICEHIGH> command.
For information about using the MemMaker program to move programs to the
upper memory area, see the <MEMMAKER> command.
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LOADFIX
Ensures that a program is loaded above the first 64K of conventional memory,
and runs the program.
Syntax
LOADFIX [drive:][path]filename [program-parameters]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the drive and directory of the program.
filename
Specifies the name of the program.
program-parameters
Specifies any of the program's parameters that you want to use.
?
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MKDIR (MD)
Creates a directory.
You can use the MKDIR or MD command to create a multilevel directory
structure.
Syntax
MKDIR [drive:]path
MD [drive:]path
Parameters
drive:
Specifies the drive on which you want to create the new directory.
path
Specifies the name and location of the new directory. The maximum length
of any single path from the root directory to the new directory is 63
characters, including backslashes (\).
Related Commands
For information about deleting a directory, see the <RMDIR> command. For
information about changing directories, see the <CHDIR> command.
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MEM
Displays the amount of used and free memory on your computer.
You can use the MEM command to display information about allocated memory
areas, free memory areas, and programs that are currently loaded into
memory.
Syntax
MEM [/CLASSIFY|/DEBUG|/FREE|/MODULE modulename] [/PAGE]
To display the status of your computer's used and free memory, use the
following syntax:
MEM
Switches
/CLASSIFY
Lists the programs that are currently loaded into memory and shows how
much conventional and upper memory each program is using. MEM /CLASSIFY
also summarizes overall memory use and lists the largest free memory
blocks. You can use the /CLASSIFY switch with /PAGE but not with other
MEM switches. You can abbreviate /CLASSIFY as /C.
/DEBUG
Lists the programs and internal drivers that are currently loaded into
memory. MEM /DEBUG shows each module's size, segment address, and module
type, summarizes overall memory use, and displays other information
useful for programming. You can use the /DEBUG switch with /PAGE but not
with other MEM switches. You can abbreviate /DEBUG as /D.
/FREE
Lists the free areas of conventional and upper memory. MEM /FREE shows
the segment address and size of each free area of conventional memory,
and shows the largest free upper memory block in each region of upper
memory. MEM /FREE also summarizes overall memory use. You can use the
/FREE switch with /PAGE but not with other MEM switches. You can
abbreviate /FREE as /F.
/MODULE programname
Shows how a program module is currently using memory. You must specify
the program name after the /MODULE switch. MEM /MODULE lists the areas
of memory the specified program module has allocated and shows the
address and size of each area. You can use the /MODULE switch with
/PAGE, but not with other MEM switches. You can abbreviate /MODULE as
/M.
/PAGE
Pauses after each screen of output. This switch can be used with any of
the other MEM switches.
Related Command
For information about checking the amount of space available on a disk, see
the <CHKDSK> command.
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MEMMAKER
Starts the MemMaker program, which optimizes your computer's memory by
moving device drivers and memory-resident programs to upper memory. To use
MemMaker, your computer must have an 80386 or 80486 processor and extended
memory. For more information about running MemMaker, see the chapter "Making
More Memory Available" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Do not use this command when you are running Windows.
Syntax
MEMMAKER [/B] [/BATCH] [/SESSION] [/SWAP:drive] [/T] [/UNDO] [/W:n,m]
Switches
/B
Displays MemMaker in black and white. Use this option if MemMaker isn't
displayed correctly on a monochrome monitor.
/BATCH
Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes
the default action at all prompts. If an error occurs, MemMaker restores
your previous CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT and (if necessary) Windows
SYSTEM.INI files. After MemMaker has completed, you can review status
messages by viewing the contents of the MEMMAKER.STS file. (To view this
file, use a text editor such as MS-DOS Editor, or use the TYPE
command.)
/SESSION
Used exclusively by MemMaker during the optimization process.
/SWAP:drive
Specifies the letter of the drive that was originally your startup disk
drive. Specify the current drive letter after the colon. This switch is
necessary only if the drive letter of your startup disk drive has
changed since your computer started. (The drive letter sometimes changes
because of disk swapping performed by some disk-compression programs.)
If the drive letter of your startup drive has changed and you do not
specify this switch, MemMaker will be unable to find your system startup
files.
You do not need to use this switch if you are using Stacker 2.0,
SuperStor, or Microsoft DoubleSpace.
/T
Disables the detection of IBM Token-Ring networks. Use this switch if
your computer includes such a network and you are having problems
running MemMaker.
/UNDO
Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes. When MemMaker
optimizes your system's memory, it makes changes to your CONFIG.SYS and
AUTOEXEC.BAT files (and, if necessary, your Windows SYSTEM.INI file). If
your system doesn't work properly after MemMaker completes, or if you
are not satisfied with your new memory configuration, you can return to
your previous configuration by starting MemMaker with the /UNDO switch.
/W:size1,size2
Specifies how much upper-memory space to reserve for Windows translation
buffers. Windows needs two areas of upper memory for its translation
buffers. The size1 value specifies the size of the first region; size2
specifies the size of the second region. By default, MemMaker does not
reserve upper memory for Windows; this is equivalent to specifying
/W:0,0.
Related Commands
For information about loading device drivers into upper memory, see the
<DEVICEHIGH> command.
For information about loading programs into upper memory, see the
<LOADHIGH (LH)> command.
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MENUCOLOR
Sets the text and background colors for the startup menu. You can use this
command only within a menu block in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUCOLOR=x[,y]
Parameters
x
Specifies the color of the menu text. You can specify a value from 0 to
15; For a list of values and colors, see "Color Values" later in this
topic.
y
Specifies the color of the screen background. You can specify a value
from 0 to 15; For a list of values and colors, see "Color Values" later
in this topic. The y value is optional; if you do not specify a value,
MS-DOS displays the specified text color on a black background.
Be sure to specify different values for x and y, or the text will not be
readable.
Color Values
Valid color values are from 0 to 15, as follows:
0 Black 8 Gray
1 Blue 9 Bright blue
2 Green 10 Bright green
3 Cyan 11 Bright cyan
4 Red 12 Bright red
5 Magenta 13 Bright magenta
6 Brown 14 Yellow
7 White 15 Bright white
Note: On some displays, colors 8 through 15 blink.
Related Commands
The MENUCOLOR command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are as
follows:
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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MENUDEFAULT
Specifies the default menu item on the startup menu and sets a timeout value
if desired. You can use this command only within a menu block in your
CONFIG.SYS file. If you do not use this command, MS-DOS sets the default to
item 1.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUDEFAULT=blockname[,timeout]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the default menu item by its associated configuration block.
The block must be defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file. When MS-DOS
displays the startup menu, the default menu item is highlighted and its
number appears after the "Enter a choice" prompt.
timeout
Determines how many seconds MS-DOS waits before starting the computer
with the default configuration. If you don't specify a timeout value,
MS-DOS does not continue until the ENTER key is pressed. You can specify
a timeout value from 0 to 90 seconds. A timeout of 0 forces automatic
selection of the default, effectively bypassing the menu display.
Related Commands
The MENUDEFAULT command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for
defining startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are
as follows:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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MENUITEM
Defines an item on the startup menu. You can use this command only within a
menu block in your CONFIG.SYS file. You can have up to nine menu items per
menu.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
MENUITEM=blockname[,menu_text]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the name of the associated configuration block. The block must
be defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file. If the menu item is
selected from the startup menu, MS-DOS carries out the commands in the
associated configuration block, as well as any commands at the beginning
of the CONFIG.SYS file and any commands in configuration blocks with the
[common] header.
If MS-DOS cannot find a block with the specified name, the item does not
appear on the startup menu. The block name can be up to 70 characters
long and can contain most printable characters. It cannot include
spaces, backslashes (\), forward slashes (/), commas, semicolons (;),
equal signs (=), or square brackets ([ and ]).
menu_text
Specifies the text you want MS-DOS to display for this menu item. If you
don't specify any menu text, MS-DOS displays the block name as the menu
item. The menu text can be up to 70 characters long and can contain any
characters you want.
Related Commands
The MENUITEM command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other menu-definition
commands are:
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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MKDIR (MD)
Creates a directory.
You can use the MKDIR or MD command to create a multilevel directory
structure.
Syntax
MKDIR [drive:]path
MD [drive:]path
Parameters
drive:
Specifies the drive on which you want to create the new directory.
path
Specifies the name and location of the new directory. The maximum length
of any single path from the root directory to the new directory is 63
characters, including backslashes (\).
Related Commands
For information about deleting a directory, see the <RMDIR> command. For
information about changing directories, see the <CHDIR> command.
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MODE
Configures system devices. The MODE command performs many different tasks,
such as displaying system status, changing system settings, or reconfiguring
ports or devices.
Using the MODE command
Because the MODE command can perform many different tasks, the syntax
necessary to carry out each task is different. The following is a list of
tasks for which you can use the MODE command.
Reconfiguring a printer attached to a parallel port (LPT1, LPT2, or LPT3)
for printing at 80 or 132 characters per line, 6 or 8 lines per inch, or
both (if the printer supports these features). For more information, see
<MODE (configure printer)>.
Configuring the baud rate, parity, and number of data bits and stop bits
of a serial port (COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4) for use with a specific
printer, modem, or other serial device. For more information, see
<MODE (configure serial port)>.
Displaying the status of all devices or of a single device. For more
information, see <MODE (display device status)>.
Redirecting printer output from a parallel port to a serial port so that
the serial port becomes the system's default printer port. For more
information, see <MODE (redirect printing)>.
Preparing devices for character set (code page) switching. For more
information, see <MODE (set device code pages)>.
Selecting another display adapter or changing the configuration of the
current display adapter. For more information, see
<MODE (set display mode)>.
Setting the keyboard's typematic rate. For more information, see
<MODE (set typematic rate)>.
Requirement for ANSI.SYS and DISPLAY.SYS
MODE can perform some tasks, such as setting the display mode, only if you
have included a DEVICE command for the ANSI.SYS device driver in your
CONFIG.SYS file. You must install DISPLAY.SYS to use MODE (set device code
pages) for character-set switching.
Adding mode commands to AUTOEXEC.BAT
Although you can type each form of the MODE command at the command prompt,
you can also use MODE commands within your AUTOEXEC.BAT file to reconfigure
your system automatically each time you turn on or restart your computer.
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MORE
Displays one screen of output at a time.
The MORE command reads standard input from a pipe or redirected file and
displays one screen of information at a time. This command is commonly used
to view long files.
Syntax
MORE < [drive:][path]filename
command-name | MORE
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of a file that supplies data you want to
display.
command-name
Specifies the command that supplies data you want to display.
Related Commands
For information about displaying the contents of a directory, see the <DIR>
command.
For information about displaying the contents of a file, see the <TYPE>
command.
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MOVE
Moves one or more files to the location you specify. The MOVE command also
renames directories.
Syntax
MOVE [drive:][path]filename[,[drive:][path]filename[...]] destination
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file or files you want to move.
Also specifies the name of a directory you want to rename.
destination
Specifies the new location of the file, or the new name of the
directory. Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a
directory name, or a combination. If you are moving only one file, you
can also specify a filename if you want to rename the file when you move
it. Moving a file to an existing file overwrites the existing file. If
you are moving more than one file, the destination must be a directory
name.
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MSAV
Scans your computer for known viruses.
Syntax
MSAV [drive:] [/S | /C] [/R] [/A | /L]
[/N] [/P] [/F] [/VIDEO]
Parameter
drive:
Specifies the drive that MSAV scans for viruses. If you do not specify a
drive, MSAV scans the current drive.
Switches
/S
Scans the specified drive, but does not remove viruses that MSAV finds.
/C
Scans the specified drive, and removes viruses that MSAV finds.
/R
Creates an MSAV.RPT file that lists the number of files MSAV checked for
viruses, the number of viruses it found, and the number of viruses it
removed. By default, MSAV does not create a report. When it does create
MSAV.RPT, the file is placed in the root directory.
/A
Scans all drives except drive A and drive B.
/L
Scans all local drives except network drives.
/N
Displays the contents of an MSAV.TXT file, if it exists and it is
located in the directory that contains the MSAV.EXE file. MSAV then
scans the current drive or the drive you specify. MSAV does not use the
graphical interface. If MSAV detects a virus, it returns exit code 86
instead of displaying a message on your screen.
/P
Displays a command-line interface instead of the graphical interface.
/F
Turns off the display of filenames that have been scanned. Use this
switch only with the /N or /P switch.
/VIDEO
Displays a list of the switches that affect how MSAV is displayed. This
list contains all of the following switches.
/25
Sets screen display to 25 lines. This is the default setting.
/28
Sets screen display to 28 lines. Use this switch with VGA display
adapters only.
/43
Sets screen display to 43 lines. Use this switch with EGA and VGA
display adapters.
/50
Sets screen display to 50 lines. Use this switch with VGA display
adapters only.
/60
Sets screen display to 60 lines. Use this switch with Video 7 display
adapters only.
/IN
Runs MSAV using a color scheme, even if a color display adapter is not
detected.
/BW
Runs MSAV using a black-and-white color scheme.
/MONO
Runs MSAV using a monochromatic color scheme.
/LCD
Runs MSAV using an LCD color scheme.
/FF
Uses the fastest screen updating on computers with CGA display adapters.
Using this switch may decrease video quality.
/BF
Uses the computer's BIOS to display video.
/NF
Disables the use of alternate fonts.
/BT
Allows use of a graphics mouse in Windows.
/NGM
Runs MSAV using the default mouse character instead of the graphics
character.
/LE
Exchanges left and right mouse buttons.
/PS2
Resets the mouse if the mouse cursor disappears or locks up.
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MSBACKUP
Backs up or restores one or more files from one disk onto another.
You can back up all files on a disk or files that have changed since your
last backup, schedule backups so they are done automatically on a regular
basis, and restore files that you have backed up.
Syntax
MSBACKUP [setup_file] [/BW | /LCD | /MDA]
Parameter
setup_file
Specifies the setup file that defines files to back up and the type of
backup you want to perform. MSBACKUP creates a setup file when you save
program settings and file selections. Setup files must have an SET
extension. If you do not specify a setup file, MSBACKUP uses
DEFAULT.SET.
Switches
/BW
Starts MSBACKUP using a black-and-white color scheme.
/LCD
Starts MSBACKUP using a video mode compatible with laptop displays.
/MDA
Starts MSBACKUP using a monochrome display adapter.
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MSCDEX
Provides access to CD-ROM drives. MSCDEX can be loaded from your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file or from the command prompt. (The device driver that came
with your CD-ROM drive must be loaded from your CONFIG.SYS file. For more
information, see Notes.)
The MSCDEX command should not be used after Windows has started.
Syntax
MSCDEX /D:driver [/D:driver2... ] [/E] [/K] [/S] [/V] [/L:letter]
[/M:number]
Parameters
/D:driver1 [/D:driver2... ]
Specifies the driver signature of the first CD-ROM device driver. The
driver1 parameter must match the parameter specified by the /D switch on
the CONFIG.SYS command that starts the corresponding CD-ROM device
driver
The MSCDEX command must include at least one /D switch. To install
additional CD-ROM device drivers, specify an additional /D switch for
each device driver.
/E
Specifies that the CD-ROM driver be allowed to use expanded memory, if
available, to store sector buffers.
/K
Specifies that MS-DOS should recognize CD-ROM volumes encoded in Kanji.
By default, MS-DOS does not recognize Kanji CD-ROM volumes.
/S
Enables sharing of CD-ROM drives on MS-NET or Windows for Workgroups
servers.
/V
Directs MSCDEX to display memory statistics when it starts.
/L:letter
Specifies the drive letter to assign to the first CD-ROM drive. If you
have more than one CD-ROM drive, MS-DOS assigns additional CD-ROM drives
subsequent available drive letters.
/M:number
Specifies the number of sector buffers.
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MSD
Provides detailed technical information about your computer.
Syntax
To use MSD to create a report, use the following syntax:
MSD [/I] [/F[drive:][path]filename] [/P[drive:][path]filename]
[/S[drive:][path][filename]]
To run the MSD program and examine technical information through its
interface, use the following syntax:
MSD [/B] [/I]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the drive, directory, and filename to which you want to write
the report.
Switches
/I
Specifies that MSD not initially detect hardware. Use the /I switch if
you are having problems starting MSD or if MSD is not running properly.
/F[drive:][path]filename
Prompts you for name, company, address, country, phone number, and
comments, then writes a complete MSD report to the file you specify.
/P[drive:][path]filename
Writes a complete MSD report to the file you specify, without prompting
you for information.
/S[drive:][path][filename]
Writes a summary MSD report to the file you specify, without prompting
you for information. If you do not specify any of the parameters, MSD
writes the report to the screen.
/B
Runs MSD in black and white instead of color. Use the /B switch when you
have a monitor that does not correctly display MSD in color.
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Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations
A single CONFIG.SYS file can define several different system configurations.
To define multiple configurations, you use the following special CONFIG.SYS
commands:
<Include>
<Menucolor>
<Menudefault>
<Menuitem>
<Submenu>
To define multiple configurations, follow these general steps:
1 Define a startup menu in the CONFIG.SYS file by using a [menu] header
followed by one or more <MENUITEM> commands. The <MENUDEFAULT>,
<MENUCOLOR> and <SUBMENU> commands can be used to define special
characteristics of the startup menu.
2 Create a configuration block in the CONFIG.SYS file for each
configuration you want. A configuration block begins with a block header
컴 a name surrounded by square brackets. To each block, add the
<CONFIG.SYS commands> that you want MS-DOS to carry out when that
configuration is selected from the startup menu.
3 (Optional) In the AUTOEXEC.BAT file, use <batch commands> such as <GOTO>
and <IF> to have MS-DOS carry out different AUTOEXEC.BAT commands
depending on the startup configuration.
When a configuration is selected from the startup menu, MS-DOS defines an
environment variable named CONFIG and sets it to the name of the selected
configuration block. To have MS-DOS carry out different sets of commands
for different CONFIG values, add a GOTO %CONFIG% command to your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
For more information about defining multiple configurations, see the chapter
"Configuring Your System" in the MS-DOS User's Guide.
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NLSFUNC
Starts the Nlsfunc program, which loads country-specific information for
national language support (NLS).
You can use the NLSFUNC command either from the command line or within your
CONFIG.SYS file to support the use of country-specific information and
character set (code page) switching.
Do not use the NLSFUNC command while Windows is running. If you do, your
computer might stop responding.
Syntax
NLSFUNC [[drive:][path]filename]
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
INSTALL=[[dos-drive:]dos-path]NLSFUNC.EXE [country-filename]
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename or country-filename
Specifies the location and name of the file containing country-specific
information. If you use this parameter in the INSTALL command, you must
include the drive and directory.
[dos-drive:]dos-path
Specifies the location of NLSFUNC.EXE.
Related Commands
For information about displaying the current character set (code page), see
the <CHCP> command.
For information about preparing a character set (code page), see the
<MODE (set device code pages)> command.
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NUMLOCK
Specifies whether the NUM LOCK key is set to ON or OFF when your computer
starts. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
NUMLOCK=[ON|OFF]
Parameters
ON|OFF
If set to ON, turns on the NUM LOCK key when MS-DOS displays the startup
menu. If set to OFF, turns NUM LOCK off.
Related Commands
The NUMLOCK command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus and multiple configurations. The other commands are:
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <SUBMENU> command, which defines a submenu.
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the procedure for defining multiple configurations, see
the topic <Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>
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PATH
Indicates which directories MS-DOS should search for executable files.
MS-DOS uses the PATH command to search for executable files in the
directories you specify. By default, the search path is the current
directory only.
Syntax
PATH [[drive:]path[;...]]
To display the current search path, use the following syntax:
PATH
To clear all search-path settings other than the default setting (the
current directory), use the following syntax:
PATH ;
Parameters
[drive:]path
Specifies a drive, directory, and any subdirectories to search.
;
When used as the only parameter, clears all search-path settings and
specifies that MS-DOS is to search only the current directory.
Related Command
For information about setting a search path for data files, see the
<APPEND> command.
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PAUSE
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays a message that prompts
the user to press any key to continue. You can use this command only within
batch programs.
Syntax
PAUSE
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POWER
Turns power management on and off, reports the status of power management,
and sets levels of power conservation.
Syntax
POWER [ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN]|STD|OFF]
To display the current power setting, use the following syntax:
POWER
Parameters
ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN]|STD|OFF
ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN]
Conserves power when applications and hardware devices are idle. In
some cases, performance may be affected if an application is active
instead of idle. Use MAX for maximum power conservation. Use REG,
the default setting, to balance power conservation with application
and device performance. Use MIN if the performance of an application
or device is not satisfactory when you specify MAX or REG.
STD
If your computer supports the Advanced Power Management (APM)
specification, STD conserves power by using only the
power-management features of your computer's hardware. If your
computer does not support the APM specification, STD turns off power
management.
OFF
Turns off power management.
Related Command
For information about the Power device driver, see <POWER.EXE>.
Example
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POWER.EXE
Reduces power consumption when applications and devices are idle. The power
manager device driver conforms to the Advanced Power Management (APM)
specification. This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> command in
your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]POWER.EXE [ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN]|STD|OFF] [/LOW]
Parameters
drive:path
Specifies the location of the POWER.EXE file.
ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN]|STD|OFF
ADV[:MAX|REG|MIN
Conserves power when applications and hardware devices are idle. In
some cases, performance may be affected if an application is active
instead of idle. Use MAX for maximum power conservation. Use REG,
the default setting, to balance power conservation with application
and device performance. Use MIN if the performance of an application
or device is not satisfactory when you specify MAX or REG.
STD
If your computer supports the Advanced Power Management (APM)
specification, STD conserves power by using only the
power-management features of your computer's hardware. If your
computer does not support the APM specification, STD turns off power
management.
OFF
Turns off power management.
Switch
/LOW
Loads the POWER.EXE device driver into conventional memory, even if the
upper memory area is available. By default, POWER.EXE is loaded into the
upper memory area if the upper memory area is available.
Related Command
For information about reducing power consumption, see <POWER>.
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PRINT
Prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands.
This command can print in the background if you have an output device
connected to one of your system's serial or parallel ports.
Syntax
PRINT [/D:device] [/B:size] [/U:ticks1] [/M:ticks2] [/S:ticks3]
[/Q:qsize] [/T] [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]] [/C] [/P]
To install PRINT with the default parameters or to display the contents of
the print queue on your screen without affecting the queue, use the
following syntax:
PRINT
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of a file or set of files you want to
print. You can include multiple files (usually as many as 10) on one
command line.
Switches
/D:device
Specifies the name of the print device. Valid values for parallel ports
are LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3. Valid values for serial ports are COM1, COM2,
COM3, and COM4. The default value is LPT1, which is also called PRN. The
/D switch must precede any filename used on the command line.
/B:size
Sets the size (in bytes) of the internal buffer, which is used to store
data before it is sent to the printer. The minimum and default value for
size is 512; the maximum value is 16384. Increasing this value decreases
the amount of memory available for other purposes but may speed up the
PRINT command.
/U:ticks1
Specifies the maximum number of clock ticks PRINT is to wait for a
printer to be available (clock ticks occur about 18 times per second).
If the printer is not available within the time specified, the job does
not print. Values for ticks1 must be in the range 1 through 255. The
default value is 1.
/M:ticks2
Specifies the maximum number of clock ticks PRINT can take to print a
character on the printer. Values for ticks2 must be in the range 1
through 255. The default value is 2. If a character is printed too
slowly, MS-DOS displays an error message.
/S:ticks3
Specifies the number of clock ticks the MS-DOS scheduler allocates for
background printing. Values for ticks3 must be in the range 1 through
255. The default value is 8. Increasing this value can speed up printing
while slowing down other programs.
/Q:qsize
Specifies the maximum number of files allowed in the print queue. Values
for qsize must be in the range 4 through 32. The default value is 10.
/T
Removes all files from the print queue.
/C
Removes files from the print queue. You can use the /C and /P switches
on the same command line.
When the /C switch precedes the list of filenames on the command line,
it applies to all files whose names follow the /C switch, until PRINT
encounters a /P switch, in which case the /P switch applies to the file
whose name precedes the /P switch.
When the /C switch follows a filename, it applies to the file whose name
precedes the /C switch and all files whose names follow the /C switch,
until PRINT encounters a /P switch, in which case the /P switch applies
to the file whose name precedes the /P switch.
/P
Adds files to the print queue. You can use the /C and /P switches on the
same command line.
When the /P switch precedes the list of filenames on the command line,
it applies to all files whose names follow the /P switch, until PRINT
encounters a /C switch, in which case the /C switch applies to the file
whose name precedes the /C switch.
When the /P switch follows a filename, it applies to the file whose name
precedes the /P switch and all files whose names follow the /P switch,
until PRINT encounters a /C switch, in which case the /C switch applies
to the file whose name precedes the /C switch.
Related Commands
For information about configuring a printer connected to a parallel port,
see the <MODE (configure printer)> command.
For information about displaying the status of a printer, see the
<MODE (display device status)> command.
For information about configuring a printer connected to a serial port, see
the <MODE (redirect printing)> command.
For information about preparing printers for character-set switching,
see the <MODE (set device code pages)> command.
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PROMPT
Changes the appearance of the command prompt.
You can customize the command prompt to display any text you want, including
such information as the name of the current directory, the time and date,
and the MS-DOS version number.
Syntax
PROMPT [text]
Parameter
text
Specifies any text and information you want included in your system
prompt.
The following list shows the character combinations you can include
instead of, or in addition to, any character string(s) in the text
parameter. The list includes a brief description of the text or
information that each character combination adds to your command
prompt.
$Q = (equal sign)
$$ $ (dollar sign)
$T Current time
$D Current date
$P Current drive and path
$V MS-DOS version number
$N Current drive
$G > (greater-than sign)
$L < (less-than sign)
$B | (pipe)
$_ ENTER-LINEFEED
$E ASCII escape code (code 27)
$H Backspace (to delete a character that has been written to the
prompt command line)
Related Commands
For information about setting the current date and time, see the <DATE> and
<TIME> commands.
For information about ANSI escape sequences, see the <ANSI.SYS> topic.
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QBASIC
Starts MS-DOS QBasic, a program that reads instructions written in the Basic
computer language and interprets them into executable computer code.
The QBasic program provides a complete environment for programming in the
Basic language. QBasic includes extensive online Help. For more information
about using QBasic, press ENTER immediately after starting QBasic or press
F1 any time while running QBasic.
Syntax
QBASIC [/B] [/EDITOR] [/G] [/H] [/MBF] [/NOHI]
[[/RUN][drive:][path]filename]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file to load when QBasic starts.
Switches
/B
Displays QBasic in black and white if you have a color monitor.
/EDITOR
Invokes MS-DOS Editor, a full-screen text editor.
/G
Provides the fastest update of a CGA monitor.
/H
Displays the maximum number of display lines possible on your screen.
/MBF
Converts the built-in functions MKS$, MKD$, CVS, and CVD to MKSMBF$,
MKDMBF$, CVSMBF, and CVDMBF, respectively.
/NOHI
Allows the use of a monitor that does not support high-intensity video.
Do not use this switch with Compaq laptop computers.
/RUN
Runs the specified Basic program before displaying it. You must specify
a filename.
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RAMDRIVE.SYS
Uses part of your computer's random-access memory (RAM) to simulate a hard
disk drive. This device driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH>
command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
RAM drives are much faster than hard disk drives because your computer can
read information faster from memory than from a hard disk. A RAM drive
appears to be a normal hard disk drive; you can use it just as you would any
hard disk drive. The most important difference between a real disk drive and
a RAM drive is that because it exists only in memory, information on a RAM
drive is lost when you turn off or restart your computer. You can set up as
many RAM drives as you want, up to the amount of memory your computer has.
To do this, add one RAMDRIVE.SYS line to your CONFIG.SYS file for each
additional RAM drive you want.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]RAMDRIVE.SYS [DiskSize SectorSize [NumEntries]]]
[/E | /A]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the RAMDRIVE.SYS file.
DiskSize
Specifies how many kilobytes of memory you want to use for the RAM
drive. For example, to create a 640K RAM drive, specify 640. If you
don't specify an amount, RAMDrive will create a 64K RAM drive. You can
specify a value from 4 to 32767. However, you cannot specify more memory
than your system has available.
SectorSize
Specifies the disk sector size in bytes. The size can be 128, 256, or
512 bytes. (If you include a SectorSize value, you must also include a
value for DiskSize.)
Generally, you should use the default sector size of 512 bytes.
NumEntries
Limits the number of files and directories you can create in the RAM
drive's root directory. The limit can be from 2 to 1024 entries; the
limit you specify is rounded up to the nearest sector size boundary. If
you do not specify a limit, you can create up to 64 entries in the RAM
drive's root directory. (If you include a value for NumEntries, you must
also include values for DiskSize and SectorSize.)
If there is not enough memory to create the RAM drive as specified,
RAMDrive will try to create it with a limit of 16 directory entries.
This may result in a RAM drive with a different limit from the one you
specified.
Switches
/E
Creates the RAM drive in extended memory.
For RAMDrive to use extended memory, your system must be configured so
that it provides extended memory, and a DEVICE command for the
extended-memory manager (such as HIMEM.SYS) must appear in your
CONFIG.SYS file before the DEVICE command for RAMDRIVE.SYS. In general,
it is best to create a RAM drive in extended memory if your system has
extended memory.
/A
Creates the RAM drive in expanded memory.
For RAMDrive to use expanded memory, your system must be configured so
that it provides expanded memory, and the DEVICE command for the
expanded-memory manager (such as EMM386, 386MAX, CEMM, or QEMM) must
appear in your CONFIG.SYS file before DEVICE command for RAMDRIVE.SYS.
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RMDIR (RD)
Deletes (removes) a directory.
Before you can delete a directory, you must delete its files and
subdirectories. The directory must be empty except for the "." and ".."
symbols.
Syntax
RMDIR [drive:]path
RD [drive:]path
Parameter
[drive:]path
Specifies the location and name of the directory you want to delete.
Related Commands
For information about creating a directory, see the <MKDIR> command.
For information about hidden files, see the <ATTRIB> command and the <DIR>
command (the /A switch).
For information about deleting files, see the <DEL> command.
For information about deleting a directory, its files, and all
subdirectories and files subordinate to it, see the <DELTREE> command.
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REM
Enables you to include comments in a batch file or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
The REM command is also useful for disabling commands. (You can use a
semicolon (;) instead of the REM command in your CONFIG.SYS file, but not in
batch files.)
Syntax
REM [string]
Parameters
string
Specifies any string of characters 컴 the command you want to disable or
the comment you want to include.
Related Command
For information about displaying messages, see the <ECHO> command.
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RENAME (REN)
Changes the name of the file or files you specify.
You can rename all files matching the specified filename. You cannot use the
RENAME command to rename files across drives or to move files to a different
directory location. To rename subdirectories or move files, use the <MOVE>
command.
Syntax
RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2
Parameters
[drive:][path]filename1
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
rename.
filename2
Specifies the new name for the file or, if you use wildcards, the new
names for the files. (You cannot specify a new drive or path.)
Related Commands
For information about renaming directories, see the <MOVE> command.
For information about renaming a disk, see the <LABEL> command.
For information about copying files to a different drive or directory, see
the <COPY> command.
For information about copying entire directories to a new location, see the
<XCOPY> command.
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REPLACE
Replaces files in a destination directory with files in a source directory
that have the same name. You can also use REPLACE to add unique filenames to
the destination directory.
Syntax
REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/A] [/P] [/R] [/W]
REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/P] [/R] [/S] [/W]
[/U]
Parameters
[drive1:][path1]filename
Specifies the location and name of the source file or set of files.
[drive2:][path2]
Specifies the location of the destination file. You cannot specify a
filename for files you replace. If you specify neither a drive nor a
directory, REPLACE uses the current drive and directory as the
destination.
Switches
/A
Adds new files to the destination directory instead of replacing
existing files. You cannot use this switch with the /S or /U switch.
/P
Prompts you for confirmation before replacing a destination file or
adding a source file.
/R
Replaces read-only files as well as unprotected files. If you do not
specify this switch but attempt to replace a read-only file, an error
results and stops the replacement operation.
/S
Searches all subdirectories of the destination directory and replaces
matching files. You cannot use the /S switch with the /A switch. The
REPLACE command does not search subdirectories specified in path1.
/W
Waits for you to insert a disk before REPLACE begins to search for
source files. If you do not specify /W, REPLACE begins replacing or
adding files immediately after you press ENTER.
/U
Replaces (updates) only those files on the destination directory that
are older than those in the source directory. You cannot use the /U
switch with the /A switch.
Related Command
For information about changing file attributes, see the <ATTRIB> command.
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RESTORE
Restores files that were backed up by using any version of BACKUP from
MS-DOS versions 2.0 through 5.0. If you are restoring files that were backed
up using the MSBACKUP command in MS-DOS 6, use the <MSBACKUP> program to
restore files.
You can restore files from similar or dissimilar disk types.
Syntax
RESTORE drive1: drive2:[path[filename]] [/S] [/P] [/B:date] [/A:date]
[/E:time] [/L:time] [/M] [/N] [/D]
Parameters
drive1:
Specifies the drive on which the backed-up files are stored.
drive2:
Specifies the drive to which the backed-up files will be restored.
path
Specifies the directory to which the backed-up files will be restored.
You must specify the same directory from which the files were backed
up.
filename
Specifies the names of the backed-up files you want to restore.
Switches
/S
Restores all subdirectories.
/P
Prompts you for permission to restore files that are read-only (that
have the read-only attribute set) or that have changed since the last
backup (that have the archive attribute set).
/B:date
Restores only those files last modified on or before the specified date.
The format of date varies according to the COUNTRY setting in your
CONFIG.SYS file. For information about specifying date, see the <DATE>
command.
/A:date
Restores only those files last modified on or after the specified date.
The format of date varies according to the COUNTRY setting in your
CONFIG.SYS file. For information about specifying date, see the <DATE>
command.
/E:time
Restores only those files last modified at or earlier than the specified
time. The format of time varies according to the COUNTRY setting in your
CONFIG.SYS file. For information about specifying time, see the <TIME>
command.
/L:time
Restores only those files last modified at or later than the specified
time. The format of time varies according to the COUNTRY setting in your
CONFIG.SYS file. For information about specifying time, see the <TIME>
command.
/M
Restores only those files modified since the last backup.
/N
Restores only those files that no longer exist on the destination disk.
/D
Displays a list of the files on the backup disk that match the names
specified in filename without restoring any files. Even though no files
are being restored, you must specify drive2 when you use /D.
Related Command
For information about backing up files, see the <MSBACKUP> command.
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SET
Displays, sets, or removes MS-DOS environment variables.
You use environment variables to control the behavior of some batch files
and programs and to control the way MS-DOS appears and works. The SET
command is often used in the AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS files to set
environment variables each time you start MS-DOS.
Syntax
SET [variable=[string]]
To display the current environment settings, use the following syntax:
SET
Parameters
variable
Specifies the variable you want to set or modify.
string
Specifies the string you want to associate with the specified variable.
Related Commands
For information about setting environment variables that MS-DOS uses to
control its own operations, see the <PATH>, <PROMPT>, <SHELL>, and <DIR>
commands.
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SETVER
Displays the version table. Reports a version number (earlier than 6.0) to
programs or device drivers that were designed for earlier versions of
MS-DOS.
You can also use this command to display and modify the version table, which
lists names of programs and the number of the MS-DOS version with which they
are designed to run. If you are using a program that has not been updated
for MS-DOS 6, you can add its name to the version table by using the SETVER
command.
Syntax
SETVER [drive:path][filename n.nn]
SETVER [drive:path][filename [/DELETE [/QUIET]]
To display the current version table, use the following syntax:
SETVER [drive:path]
MS-DOS displays two columns: the left column lists the names of the program
files; the right column lists the corresponding MS-DOS version with which
each file is set to run.
Parameters
[drive:path]
Specifies the location of the SETVER.EXE file.
filename
Specifies the name of the program file (usually an .EXE or .COM file)
that you want to add to the version table. You cannot use a wildcard
character (* or ?).
n.nn
Specifies the MS-DOS version (for example, 3.3 or 4.01) that MS-DOS 6
reports to the specified program file.
Switches
/DELETE
Deletes the version-table entry for the specified program file. You can
abbreviate this switch as /D.
/QUIET
Hides the message typically displayed during deletion of an entry from
the version table.
Related Command
For information about loading the version table into MS-DOS, see the
<SETVER.EXE> command.
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SETVER.EXE
Loads the MS-DOS version table into memory. This device driver must be
loaded by a <DEVICE> or <DEVICEHIGH> command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
SETVER.EXE loads into memory the MS-DOS version table, which lists names of
programs and the number of the MS-DOS version with which each program is
designed to run.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]SETVER.EXE
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the SETVER.EXE file.
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SHARE
Starts the Share program, which installs file-sharing and locking
capabilities on your disks and network drives.
Syntax
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
In your CONFIG.SYS file, use the following syntax:
INSTALL=[[drive:]path]SHARE.EXE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Parameter
[drive:]path
Specifies the location of the SHARE.EXE file.
Switches
/F:space
Allocates file space (in bytes) for the MS-DOS storage area used to
record file-sharing information. The default value is 2048.
/L:locks
Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time. The default
value is 20.
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SHELL
Specifies the name and location of the command interpreter you want MS-DOS
to use. You can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
If you want to use your own command interpreter (instead of COMMAND.COM),
you can specify its name by adding a SHELL command to your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
SHELL=[[drive:]path]filename [parameters]
Parameters
[[drive:]path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the command interpreter you want
MS-DOS to use.
parameters
Specifies any command-line parameters or switches that can be used with
the specified command interpreter.
Related Command
For information about COMMAND.COM switches, see the <COMMAND> command.
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SHIFT
Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
Syntax
SHIFT
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SIZER.EXE
Used by the MemMaker memory-optimization program to determine the size in
memory of device drivers and memory-resident programs.
During optimization, MemMaker adds SIZER.EXE to the beginning of each
CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT command that starts a driver or program. When the
optimization process is complete, MemMaker removes SIZER.EXE from each
command line.
This program is used exclusively by MemMaker.
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SMARTDRV
Starts or configures SMARTDrive, which creates a disk cache in extended
memory. A disk cache can significantly speed up MS-DOS disk operations. When
used for disk caching, SMARTDrive is loaded by using the SMARTDRV command in
your AUTOEXEC.BAT file or at the command prompt.
SMARTDrive can also perform double buffering, which provides compatibility
for hard-disk controllers that cannot work with memory provided by EMM386 or
Windows running in 386 enhanced mode. To use double buffering, load the
<SMARTDRV.EXE> device driver by using a DEVICE command in your CONFIG.SYS
file.
The SMARTDRV command should not be used after Windows has started.
Syntax
When starting SMARTDrive from your AUTOEXEC.BAT file or from the command
prompt, use the following syntax:
[drive:][path]SMARTDRV [[drive[+|-]]...] [/E:ElementSize]
[InitCacheSize][WinCacheSize]] [/B:<BufferSize>] [/C] [/R] [/L] [/Q]
[/V] [/S]
Once SMARTDrive is running, use the following syntax:
SMARTDRV [[drive[+|-]]...]] [/C] [/R]
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the SMARTDRV.EXE file.
[[drive+|-]
Specifies the letter of the disk drive for which you want to control
caching. Include the plus (+) sign to enable caching for the specified
drive; include the minus (-) sign to disable caching for that drive. You
can specify multiple disk drives.
If you specify a drive letter without a plus or minus sign, read-caching
is enabled and write-caching is disabled. If you specify a drive letter
followed by a plus sign (+), read-caching and write-caching are enabled.
If you specify a drive letter followed by a minus sign (-), both
read-caching and write-caching are disabled. If you don't specify a
drive letter, floppy disk drives and drives created using Interlnk are
read-cached but not write-cached, hard disk drives are both read-cached
and write-cached, and CD-ROM, network drives and Microsoft Flash
memory-card drives are ignored. (For information about how DoubleSpace
caches compressed drives, see Notes.)
/E:ElementSize
Specifies in bytes the amount of the cache that SMARTDrive moves at a
time. Valid values are 1024, 2048, 4096, and 8192. The default value is
8192. The larger the value, the more conventional memory SMARTDrive
uses.
InitCacheSize
Specifies the size in kilobytes of the cache when SMARTDrive starts
(when Windows is not running). The size of the disk cache affects how
efficiently SMARTDrive runs. In general, the larger the cache, the less
often SMARTDrive needs to read information from the disk, which speeds
up your system's performance. If you do not specify an InitCacheSize
value, SMARTDrive sets the value according to how much memory your
system has (see the table below this list).
WinCacheSize
Specifies, in kilobytes, how much SMARTDrive will reduce the cache size
for Windows. When you start Windows, SMARTDrive reduces the size of the
cache to recover memory for Windows' use. When you quit Windows, the
cache returns to its normal size. WinCacheSize specifies the smallest
size to which SMARTDrive will reduce the cache. The default value
depends on how much available memory your system has (see the table
below this list). If you specify a value for InitCacheSize that is
smaller than the value specified for WinCacheSize, InitCacheSize is set
to the same size as WinCacheSize.
/B:BufferSize
Specifies the size of the read-ahead buffer. A read-ahead buffer is
additional information that SMARTDrive reads when an application reads
information from the hard disk. For example, if an application reads
512K of information from a file, SMARTDrive then reads the amount of
information specified by BufferSize and saves it in memory. The next
time the application needs to read information from that file, it can
read it from memory instead. The default size of the read-ahead buffer
is 16K. Its value can be any multiple of ElementSize. The larger the
value of BufferSize, the more conventional memory SMARTDrive uses.
/C
Writes all cached information from memory to cached disks. SMARTDrive
writes information from memory to the disk at times when other disk
activity has slowed. You might use this option if you are going to turn
off your computer and want to make sure all cached information has been
written to the disk. (SMARTDrive writes all cached information to the
disk if you restart your computer by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE, but not
if you simply turn off the power or press your computer's reset
button.)
/R
Clears the contents of the existing cache and restarts SMARTDrive.
/L
Prevents SMARTDrive from automatically loading into upper memory blocks
(UMBs), even if there are UMBs available. You can use the /L switch if
upper memory is enabled for use by programs. If you are using
SMARTDrive's double-buffering feature and your system appears to be
running slowly, try adding the /L switch to the SMARTDrive command in
your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
/Q
Instructs SMARTDrive not to display status messages when it starts. (By
default, SMARTDrive does not display status messages.) If SMARTDrive
encounters an error while starting, it displays an error message whether
or not it was loaded with the /Q switch. The /Q switch cannot be used in
conjunction with the /V switch.
/V
Instructs SMARTDrive to display status and error messages when it
starts. (By default, SMARTDrive does not display any messages unless it
encounters an error condition.) The /V switch cannot be used in
conjunction with the /Q switch.
/S
Displays additional information about the status of SMARTDrive.
The following table shows what the default values for InitCacheSize and
WinCacheSize will be, depending on the amount of available extended memory
your computer has.
Extended InitCacheSize WinCacheSize
Memory
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Up to 1 MB All extended Zero (no caching)
memory
Up to 2 MB 1 MB 256K
Up to 4 MB 1 MB 512K
Up to 6 MB 2 MB 1 MB
6 MB or more 2 MB 2 MB
Caution: Check that SMARTDrive has completed all write-caching before you
restart or turn off your computer. (This is not necessary if you
restart your computer by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE.) To have
SMARTDrive write all cached information to cached disks, type
SMARTDRV /C at the command prompt. After all disk activity has
stopped, you can safely restart or turn off your computer.
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SMARTDRV.EXE컴Double Buffering
Loads the SMARTDRV.EXE device driver to perform double buffering. Double
buffering provides compatibility for certain hard-disk controllers that
cannot work with memory provided by EMM386 or Windows running in 386
enhanced mode. To find out whether you need to use double buffering, see
<SMARTDRV.EXE컴Notes>.
SMARTDrive can also perform disk caching, which can speed up your computer.
To use SMARTDrive for disk caching, add the <SMARTDRV> command to your
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.
To use the double-buffering feature of SMARTDrive, the SMARTDRV.EXE device
driver must be loaded by a <DEVICE> command in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
DEVICE=[drive:][path]SMARTDRV.EXE /DOUBLE_BUFFER
Parameters
[drive:][path]
Specifies the location of the SMARTDRV.EXE file.
/DOUBLE_BUFFER
Instructs SMARTDrive to perform double buffering.
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SORT
Reads input, sorts data, and writes the results to the screen, a file, or
another device.
SORT acts as a filter, reading characters in a specified column and
rearranging them in ascending or descending order.
Syntax
SORT [/R] [/+n] [<] [drive1:][path1]filename1
[> [drive2:][path2]filename2]
[command |] SORT [/R] [/+n] [> [drive2:][path2]filename2]
Parameters
[drive1:][path1]filename1
Specifies the location and name of the file whose data you want to
sort.
[drive2:][path2]filename2
Specifies the location and name of a file in which the sorted output is
to be stored.
command
Specifies a command whose output is the data you want to sort.
Switches
/R
Reverses the order of the sorting operation; that is, sorts from Z to A,
and then from 9 to 0.
/+n
Sorts the file according to the character in column n. If you do not use
this switch, the SORT command sorts data according to the characters in
column 1.
Related Command
For information about displaying information one screen at a time, see the
<MORE> command.
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STACKS
Supports the dynamic use of data stacks to handle hardware interrupts. You
can use this command only in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
STACKS=n,s
Parameters
n
Specifies the number of stacks. Valid values for n are 0 and numbers in
the range 8 through 64.
s
Specifies the size (in bytes) of each stack. Valid values for s are 0
and numbers in the range 32 through 512.
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SUBMENU
Defines an item on a startup menu that, when selected, displays another set
of choices. You can use this command only within a menu block in your
CONFIG.SYS file.
The startup menu is a list of choices that appears when you start your
computer. You define a startup menu by using special CONFIG.SYS commands.
Each item on the menu corresponds to a set of CONFIG.SYS commands called a
"configuration block." A startup menu makes it possible to start your
computer with a variety of configurations. For more information about
defining multiple configurations, see the chapter "Configuring Your System"
in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide.
Syntax
SUBMENU=blockname[,menu_text]
Parameters
blockname
Specifies the name of the associated menu block. The menu block must be
defined elsewhere in the CONFIG.SYS file and can contain menu-definition
commands. Unlike the "main" menu block, which must have the block name
[MENU], a menu block for a submenu can have any name you want. If MS-DOS
cannot find a block with the specified name, the item does not appear on
the startup menu. The block name can be up to 70 characters long and can
contain most printable characters. It cannot include spaces, backslashes
(\) and forward slashes (/), commas, semicolons (;), equal signs (=),
and square brackets ([ and ]).
menu_text
Specifies the text you want MS-DOS to display for this menu item. If you
don't specify any menu text, MS-DOS displays the block name as the menu
item. The menu text can be up to 70 characters long and can contain any
characters you want.
Related Commands
The SUBMENU command is one of six special CONFIG.SYS commands for defining
startup menus: The other commands are:
The <MENUITEM> command, which defines an item on the menu.
The <MENUDEFAULT> command, which specifies the default menu item.
The <MENUCOLOR> command, which defines the color of the menu's text and
screen background.
The <NUMLOCK> command, which specifies the state of the NUM LOCK key when
the startup menu appears. (Although NUMLOCK can be used anywhere in the
CONFIG.SYS file, it is especially useful when defining a startup menu.)
The <INCLUDE> command, which includes the contents of one configuration
block in another. This command cannot be included in a menu block.
For an overview of the steps required to define multiple configurations, see
<Commands for Defining Multiple Configurations>.
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SUBST
Associates a path with a drive letter.
The drive letter you assign represents a virtual drive, because you can use
the drive letter in commands as if it were a physical drive.
Do not use the SUBST command when you are running Windows.
Syntax
SUBST [drive1: [drive2:]path]
SUBST drive1: /D
To display the names of the virtual drives in effect, use the following
syntax:
SUBST
Parameters
drive1:
Specifies the virtual drive to which you want to assign a path.
drive2:
Specifies the physical drive that contains the specified path (if
different from the current drive).
path
Specifies the path that you want to assign to a virtual drive.
Switch
/D
Deletes a virtual drive.
Related Command
For information about increasing the number of available drive letters, see
the <LASTDRIVE> command.
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SWITCHES
Specifies special options in MS-DOS. Use this command only in your
CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
SWITCHES=/W /K /N /F
Switches
/W
Specifies that the WINA20.386 file has been moved to a directory other
than the root directory. You need to use this switch only if you are
using Microsoft Windows 3.0 in enhanced mode and have moved the
WINA20.386 file from the root directory to another directory.
/K
Forces an enhanced keyboard to behave like a conventional keyboard.
/N
Prevents you from using the F5 or F8 key to bypass startup commands.
/F
Skips the 2-second delay after displaying the "Starting MS-DOS ..."
message during startup.
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SYS
Creates a startup disk by copying hidden MS-DOS system files and the MS-DOS
command interpreter (COMMAND.COM) to the disk.
The two system files (IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS) are hidden files and do not
typically appear when you type the DIR command.
Syntax
SYS [drive1:][path] drive2:
Parameters
[drive1:][path]
Specifies the location of the system files. If you do not specify a
path, MS-DOS searches the root directory on the current drive for the
system files.
drive2:
Specifies the drive to which you want to copy the system files. These
files can be copied only to a root directory, not to a subdirectory.
Related Commands
For information about copying files, see the <COPY> and <XCOPY> commands.
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TIME
Displays the system time or sets your computer's internal clock.
MS-DOS uses time information to update the directory whenever you create or
change a file.
Syntax
TIME [hours:[minutes[:seconds[.hundredths]]][A|P]]
To display the current time or to display a prompt by which you can change
the current time, use the following syntax:
TIME
Parameters
hours
Specifies the hour. Valid values are in the range 0 through 23.
minutes
Specifies minutes. Valid values are in the range 0 through 59.
seconds
Specifies seconds. Valid values are in the range 0 through 59.
hundredths
Specifies hundredths of a second. Valid values are in the range 0
through 99.
A|P
Specifies A.M or P.M. for the 12-hour time format. If you type a valid
12-hour time but do not type A or P, TIME uses A (for A.M.).
Related Commands
For information about changing the current date, see the <DATE> command.
For information about changing the time format, see the <COUNTRY> command.
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TYPE
Displays the contents of a text file.
Use the TYPE command to view a text file without modifying it.
Syntax
TYPE [drive:][path]filename
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file that you want to view.
Related Commands
For information about displaying filenames and file sizes, see the <DIR>
command.
For information about displaying text files one screen at a time, see the
<MORE> command.
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TYPE
Displays the contents of a text file.
Use the TYPE command to view a text file without modifying it.
Syntax
TYPE [drive:][path]filename
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file that you want to view.
Related Commands
For information about displaying filenames and file sizes, see the <DIR>
command.
For information about displaying text files one screen at a time, see the
<MORE> command.
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UNDELETE
Restores files that were previously deleted by using the <DEL> command.
UNDELETE offers three levels of protecting files against accidental
deletion컴 Delete Sentry, Delete Tracker, and standard. For information
about each level of protection, see Notes.
For information about the Windows version of UNDELETE, see the chapter
"Managing Your System" in the MS-DOS 6 User's Guide, or see Windows Undelete
Help.
Syntax
UNDELETE [[drive:][path]filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/LIST|/ALL|/PURGE[drive]|/STATUS|/LOAD|/UNLOAD
|/S[drive]|/Tdrive[-entries]]
Parameter
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to
recover. By default, UNDELETE restores all deleted files in the current
directory.
Switches
/LIST
Lists the deleted files that are available to be recovered, but does not
recover any files. The [drive:][path]filename parameter and the /DT,
/DS, and /DOS switches control the listing produced by this switch.
/ALL
Recovers deleted files without prompting for confirmation on each file.
UNDELETE uses the Delete Sentry method, if it is present. If Delete
Sentry is not, UNDELETE uses Delete Tracker, if present. Otherwise,
UNDELETE recovers files from the DOS directory, supplying a number sign
(#) for the missing first character in the filename. If a duplicate
filename already exists, this switch next tries each of the following
characters, in the order listed, until the result is a unique filename:
#%&0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ.
/DOS
Recovers only those files that are internally listed as deleted by
MS-DOS, prompting for confirmation on each file. If a deletion-tracking
file exists, this switch causes UNDELETE to ignore it.
/DT
Recovers only those files listed in the deletion-tracking file,
prompting for confirmation on each file.
/DS
Recovers only those files listed in the SENTRY directory, prompting for
confirmation on each file.
/LOAD
Loads the Undelete memory-resident program into memory using information
defined in the UNDELETE.INI file. If the UNDELETE.INI file does not
exist, UNDELETE uses default values.
/UNLOAD
Unloads the memory-resident portion of the Undelete program from memory,
turning off the capability to restore deleted files.
/PURGE[drive]
Deletes the contents of the SENTRY directory. If no drive is specified,
UNDELETE searches the current drive for the directory.
/STATUS
Displays the type of delete protection in effect for each drive.
/S[drive]
Enables the Delete Sentry level of protection and loads the
memory-resident portion of the UNDELETE program. The program records
information used to recover deleted files on the specified drive. If you
do not specify a drive, using this switch enables the Delete Sentry
level of protection on the current drive. Specifying the /S switch loads
the memory-resident program into memory using the information defined in
the UNDELETE.INI file.
/Tdrive[-entries]
Enables the Delete Tracker level of protection and loads the
memory-resident portion of the UNDELETE program. The program records
information used to recover deleted files. The required drive parameter
specifies the drive containing the disk for which you want UNDELETE to
save information about deleted files. The optional entries parameter,
which must be a value in the range 1 through 999, specifies the maximum
number of entries in the deletion-tracking file (PCTRACKR.DEL). The
default value for entries depends upon the type of disk being tracked.
The following list shows each disk size, its default number of entries,
and its corresponding file size:
Disk Entries File size
size
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360K 25 5K
720K 50 9K
1.2 MB 75 14K
1.44 MB 75 14K
20 MB 101 18K
32 MB 202 36K
32 MB 303 55K
CAUTION: Do not use deletion tracking for any drive that has been
redirected by using the JOIN or SUBST command. If you intend
to use the ASSIGN command, you must do so before using
UNDELETE to install deletion tracking.
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UNFORMAT
Restores a disk that was erased by using the FORMAT command.
UNFORMAT restores only local hard disk drives and floppy disk drives; it
cannot be used on network drives. The UNFORMAT command can also rebuild a
corrupted disk partition table on a hard disk drive.
Syntax
UNFORMAT drive: [/L] [/TEST] [/P]
Parameter
drive:
Specifies the drive that contains the disk on which you want to recover
files.
Switches
/L
Lists every file and subdirectory found by UNFORMAT. If you do not
specify this switch, UNFORMAT lists only subdirectories and files that
are fragmented. To suspend scrolling of the displayed list, press
CTRL+S; to resume scrolling, press any key.
/TEST
Shows how UNFORMAT would recreate the information on the disk, but does
not actually unformat the disk.
/P
Sends output messages to the printer connected to LPT1.
Related Command
For information about formatting a disk, see the <FORMAT> command.
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VERIFY
Directs MS-DOS to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk and
displays the status of verification. For example, you can use this command
to make sure data is not written to a bad sector. You can use this command
either at the command prompt or in your CONFIG.SYS file.
Syntax
VERIFY [ON|OFF]
Switch
ON|OFF
Specifies whether MS-DOS should verify (ON) or not verify (OFF) that
write operations are done correctly.
Related Commands
For information about checking a disk for bad sectors, see the <CHKDSK>
command.
For information about verifying files as you copy them, see the /V switch in
the <COPY> or <XCOPY> command.
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VOL
Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if the disk has them.
Syntax
VOL [drive:]
Parameters
drive:
Specifies the drive that contains the disk for which you want to display
the volume label and serial number.
Related Commands
For information about assigning a volume label, see the <FORMAT> and
<LABEL> commands.
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VSAFE
Continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a warning when
it finds one. VSAFE is a memory-resident program that uses 22K of memory.
Do not use the VSAFE command when you are running Windows.
Syntax
VSAFE [/option[+ | -] ...] [/NE] [/NX] [/Ax | /Cx] [/N] [/D] [/U]
Switches
option
Specifies how VSAFE monitors for viruses. Use a plus or minus sign (+ or
-) after the number to turn an option on or off. The following list
describes the options you can choose.
1
Warns of formatting that could completely erase the hard disk. The
default setting is "on."
2
Warns of an attempt by a program to stay in memory. The default
setting is "off."
3
Prevents programs from writing to disk. The default setting is
"off."
4
Checks executable files that MS-DOS opens. The default setting is
"on."
5
Checks all disks for boot sector viruses. The default setting is
"on."
6
Warns of attempts to write to the boot sector or partition table of
the hard disk. The default setting is "on."
7
Warns of attempts to write to the boot sector of a floppy disk. The
default setting is "off."
8
Warns of attempts to modify executable files. The default setting is
"off."
/NE
Prevents VSafe from loading into expanded memory.
/NX
Prevents VSafe from loading into extended memory.
/Ax
Sets the hot key as ALT plus the key specified by x.
/Cx
Sets the hot key as CTRL plus the key specified by x.
/N
Allows VSAFE to monitor for possible viruses on network drives.
/D
Turns off checksumming.
/U
Removes VSAFE from memory.
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XCOPY
Copies directories, their subdirectories, and files (except hidden and
system files).
With this command, you can copy all the files in a directory, including the
files in the subdirectories of that directory.
Syntax
XCOPY source [destination] [/A|/M] [/D:date] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/V] [/W]
Parameters
source
Specifies the location and names of the files you want to copy. Source
must include either a drive or a path.
destination
Specifies the destination of the files you want to copy. Destination can
include a drive letter and colon, a directory name, a filename, or a
combination.
Switches
/A
Copies only source files that have their archive file attributes set.
This switch does not modify the archive file attribute of the source
file. For information about how to set the archive file attribute, see
the ATTRIB command.
/M
Copies source files that have their archive file attributes set. Unlike
the /A switch, the /M switch turns off archive file attributes in the
files specified in source. For information about how to set the archive
file attribute, see the <ATTRIB> command.
/D:date
Copies only source files modified on or after the specified date. Note
that the format of date depends on the COUNTRY setting you are using.
/P
Prompts you to confirm whether you want to create each destination
file.
/S
Copies directories and subdirectories, unless they are empty. If you
omit this switch, XCOPY works within a single directory.
/E
Copies any subdirectories, even if they are empty. You must use the /S
switch with this switch.
/V
Verifies each file as it is written to the destination file to make sure
that the destination files are identical to the source files.
/W
Displays the following message and waits for your response before
starting to copy files:
Press any key to begin copying file(s)
Related Command
For information about copying individual files, see the <COPY> command. For
information about copying disks, see the <DISKCOPY> command.
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